Degree of carbonization

Calendering A process by which fabric or wire is passed through a pair of heavy rolls to reduce thickness, to flatten the intersections of the threads/wires and to control air permeability. Rolls are heated when calendering synthetic materials. Carbonized threads Nylon or polyester therads that have been treated to include varrying degrees of carbon. 

The combustion efficiency (Eq 3) is defined as the degree of carbon atoms in the conversion gas that are oxidized to carbon dioxide in the combustion system (Figure 11). Complete combustion corresponds to a combustion efficiency with a magnitude of one and that all carbon atoms in the conversion gas reacting to carbon dioxide, which form the flue gas. 

Some new concepts have been deduced in the context of the three-step model, for example, the conversion system, the conversion gas, the conversion efficiency, and the combustion efficiency. Two new physical quantities have been associated with the conversion gas. The physical quantities are referred to as the mass flow and the stoichiometry of the conversion gas. The conversion efficiency is a measure of how well the conversion system performs, that is, the degree of solid-fuel convertibles that are converted from the conversion system to the combustion system. The combustion efficiency is defined as the degree of carbon atoms being oxidised to carbon dioxide in the combustion system. In other words, the combustion efficiency is a measure of the combustion system performance. 

The gases from the furnace are cooled by the addition of condensate and steam, and then passed through a converter containing a high or low temperature shift catalyst, depending on the degree of carbon monoxide conversion desired. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are produced by the reaction of the carbon monoxide with steam. 

The thiazidelike compounds, including chlorthalidone Hygrown), quinethazone (Hydromox), and metolazone (Zaroxolyn) have similar mechanisms of action, but they differ substantially from one another in their duration of action, the degree of carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and the dose required for maximum natriuretic activity. 

Especially at higher doses, administration of some of the thiazides results in some degree of carbonic anhydrase inhibition. However, at usual doses, only chlorothiazide shows any appreciable carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity. 

In adsorption TLC, selectivity is mostly determined by the developing solvent system, whereas in RP-TLC the selectivity is determined primarily by the reversed-phase support and degree of carbon loading on the silica gel base. It should be kept in mind that the coating material of RP-TLC plates will always contain a certain amount of underivatized silanols that will confer to the plates some adsorptive and ionic characteristics that affect selectivity. It is, therefore, erroneous to think that all RP-Q, C8, C18, cyanopropyl, and diphenyl materials will behave similarly and it is strongly suggested that, in an optimization process, an investigator should experiment with plates from different suppliers. 

Evaluate the degree of carbon chain branching by approximately assessing the methyl.methylene ratio from the relative intensity of the absorption bands in the saturated C—H region below 3000 cm-1. This may necessitate re-recording the spectrum on a grating instrument to obtain better resolution. 

A combination of DEPT and IGD spectra allows more precise quantitative analysis of, for example, the number of quaternary aromatic carbons. From such results, the degree of carbon-carbon condensation on the aromatic ring can be defined as the number of quaternary carbon atoms that are neither CL nor C4 nor are methoxyl-substituted C3/C5. This kind of information is particularly useful for following condensation reactions during such processes as steam explosion treatment of aspen wood (Robert et al. 1986, Bardet 1987) and kraft cooking (Robert et al. 1984, Gellerstedt and Robert 1987). 

Such a five-membered cyclic transition state has been proposed for the triiodide cleavage of carbon-mercury bonds (2). While such a structure is unlikely for the linear I3 ion, it should easily accommodate the ozone molecule whose bonding angle is 116° (12). Of course the geometrical plausibility of Structure 27 depends on the degree of carbon-mercury... 

Elemental and surface analysis measurements had shown that the cokes contained significant amounts of well-dispersed iron chlorides and other contaminants. XPS measurements had shown the importance of the chemical nature of the cokes and their interactions with the catalyst components (and not simply the degree of carbon coverage of the catalyst). IINS focused on the hydrogen-containing part of the coke provided a quite different view of finely divided, highly contaminated, bulk samples of cokes from commercial processes. 

In general, phosphines are tricoordinated phosphorus compounds that bear only hydrogen or carbon (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl) substituents at phosphorus. Subcategorization of phosphines is based on the degree of carbon substitution about phosphorus. Primary phosphines [RPH2] are those... 

Biodegradation testing was done in the biometer described in Figure 3. The environments of choice were mixed with the plastic or degradation products and the rate and degree of carbon dioxide evolution measured by capture in the reservoir of caustic soda solution. 

The employed technique for this purpose was the so-called colloidal-probe AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy). A carbon microparticle with high degree of carbonization was attached to the top of the cantilever tip, forming the colloidal probe, and its interaction force with cleaved graphite was measured within a liquid cell filled with organic liquid, controlled at a desired temperature above the bulk freezing point of the liquid. The two surfaces will form a slit-shaped nanospace because the radius of the particle is far larger than the separation distance concerned here. 

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