Structural order local

The Bragg peaks indicated an ordered local structure within the sample film, and the interlayer spacings were reproduced compared with the bulk samples, with only... 

An important hierarchy of parameterization schemes based on successive refinements to a mean-field theoretic description, called local structure theory, has been developed by Gutowitz, et. al. ([guto87a], [guto87b], and [guto88]), and is discussed in detail in chapter five. Below we summarize results of what is essentially a zeroth order local structure theory developed by Langton [lang90]. 

The surface reconstruction of Au(110) is more rapid than that of Au(l 1 l)andAu(100).257,467,504-514,516-518Au(533)andAu(311), localized in the [(110)-(100)] zone, and Au(221) and (331), localized in the [(111)-(110)] zone, exhibit stable terrace step structural arrangements largely free from disordering and facetting 485 Au(210) and (410), localized in the [(100)-(110)] zone, display only a short-range structural order related to the especially open nature of these faces. 

Figure 7.17 AFM image of polyethylene grown at 160 °C and subsequently crystalli/.ed during cooling on the surface of a planar CrOVSiOj catalyst. The left hand inset indicates schematically how polyethylene molecules fold into lamellar structures. The AFM image shows how these lamellae have a tendency to order locally. The right hand inset is a measurement at higher magnification in phase contrast, and shows that lamellae contain substructure, attributed to ordered and amorphous domains (courtesy of J. Loos and P. Thiine [48]).

For more sophisticated spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical cycling is coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) methods, which probe electronic and local atomic structures with element specificity.266-234 Because XAS techniques are compatible with in situ investigations and do not require long-range structural order for analysis, they are... 

While XAS techniques focus on direct characterizations of the host electrode structure, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to probe local chemical environments via the interactions of insertion cations that are NMR-active nuclei, for example lithium-6 or -7, within the insertion electrode. As with XAS, NMR techniques are element specific (and nuclear specific) and do not require any long-range structural order in the host material for analysis. Solid-state NMR methods are now routinely employed to characterize the various chemical components of Li ion batteries metal oxide cathodes, Li ion-conducting electrolytes, and carbonaceous anodes.Coupled to controlled electrochemical in-sertion/deinsertion of the NMR-active cations, the... 

Another feature that is still puzzling scientists is the role of the soft mode in structural order-disorder transitions. As already mentioned in Sect. 3 the energy U in theoretical treatments is based predominantly on short-range interactions and often the local fields are replaced by a mean field to mimic some long-range properties. In the solid solution D-RADP-x the FE soft mode suffers from the lack of translational invariance, so that only for x < 0.32 sufficient coherence can be achieved to provide a successful contribution to... 

The development of the miscibility gap for W < 0 and the antiphases ( Tjeq) for W > 0 have entirely different kinetic implications. For decomposition, mass flux is necessary for the evolution of two phases with differing compositions. Furthermore, interfaces between these two phases necessarily develop. The evolution of ordered phases from disordered phases (i.e., the onset of nonzero structural order parameters) can occur with no mass flux macroscopic diffusion is not necessary. Because the 77+q-phase is thermodynamically equivalent to the 7/iq-phase, the development of 77+q-phase in one material location is simultaneous with the evolution of r lq-phase at another location. The impingement of these two phases creates an antiphase domain boundary. These interfaces are regions of local heterogeneity and increase the free energy above the homogeneous value given by Eq. 17.14. The kinetic implications of macroscopic diffusion and of the development of interfaces are treated in Chapter 18. 

Kallikreins are found in both primates and nonprimates. Kallikrein genes and proteins have been identified in six different mammalian orders Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodac-tyla [4]. The number of kallikreins varies among species, and kallikreins in rodents and other animal species have been extensively described in a number of excellent reviews [2, 5-8]. In this section, we provide only a quick overview and some recent updates about kallikrein families in different species, with special emphasis on their structural and localization relationships with the... 

As it was already written above, we would like to study structural changes in the charge distribution between macroscopic objects, that is caused by the image forces, and depends on the wall-to-wall distance. To obtain direct structural information about the system, we will introduce a configurational analogue of the phase-space distribution function. At equilibrium, the definition of an fth order distribution function given by Eq. (12) can be applied to the equilibrium probability density [Eq. (13)], and the integration with respect to impulses can easily be carried out. We write for the rth order local density... 

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