Precursor Structural Order

The parent materials differ from each other in many aspects the differences are being related both to their origin (coal or pitch) and heat treatment temperature. Clearly, coal should be classified as a polymeric type precursor while the others, such as carbonaceous precursors of relatively low, except for AC, carbonization degree. Specific of pitch-derived materials is distinctly lower mineral matter and heteroatoms content. Anisotropic appearance with predominating flow type texture proves the superior extent of structural ordering in pitch-derived materials. 

Incorporation of nitrogen into the carbons prepared via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or into the carbon nanotubes yields highly graphitised materials with excellent structure ordering. For example, ordered mesoporous carbons containing 7.0-8.8 wt,% N have been obtained by the CVD method, using the SBA-12, SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, and HMS materials as matrices and acetonitrile as carbon precursor [1],... 

If one has a priori knowledge of the types of structural order relevant to a system of interest, one can then generally construct metrics that are capable of detecting and quantifying that order. Such metrics are often designed to report the deviation of a structure from a reference arrangement of particles. This information can be especially useful for studying the behavior of supercooled liquids and related systems that exhibit transient structural precursors of the stable crystalline phase.34 The structural order... 

Hard carbons were synthesized by carbonizing various combinations of phenolic resin precursors in order to obtain a material with a structure suitable to be used as the anode material in lithium ion battery systems, i.e. a carbon with a large pore volume and small pore openings. The lithium ion capacities of thus obtained carbons were also measured. From the obtained results, strategies to obtain hard carbons with large reversible capacities and small irreversible capacities are proposed. 

The possibility of covalent interfullerene bond formation in solid and in some of its salts, results in a variety of dimers and polymers. Both the dimerization and the polymerization of Cgo are characteristic solid state reactions, up to now, neither of them were carried out in solution. In the fee lattice of C g the concentration of the reacting molecules is about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that in solution. The free rotation of the molecules allows for the geometrical conditions required by the transition state of the polymerization and the rigid polymer rods or sheets can form by a small rearrangement of the precursor structure. 

Another method to improve the structural order of CMs is the conversion of the precursors to fibers prior to the pyrolysis step [377]. The precursor polymer may be stretched in addition. Carbon fibers are manufactured in large quantities as reinforcements in composite materials, after Bowen [403] and Fitzer [404]. Surface and bulk activation can be accomplished by anodic oxidation in dilute aqueous electrolytes (cf. Besenhard et al. [405, 406]). But carbon fibers with various degrees of graphitization have also been employed recently in rechargeable batteries [407-411] and in electrochemical double layer capacitors [18, 412-416]. This takes advantage of two fiber specific effects, namely... 

In order to improve the structural ordering of zeolite-templated carbons, Ma et al. have investigated systematically the synthesis of microporous carbons using zeolite Y as hard template. They used a two-step method to prepare an ordered, microporous carbon with high surface area, which retained the structural regularity of zeolite Y by filling as much carbon precursor as possible into the zeolite pores so as to prevent any subsequent partial collapse of the resulting carbon framework. In the... 

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