Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and Hve vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (J) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B vims vaccine. 

Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia caused by the types of pneumococci included in the vaccine Active immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae for infants and toddlers... 

The clinical relevance of this finding was suggested by the observation that mice were more susceptible to sepsis following infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae when basophils were depleted before the second vaccination with pneumoccocal antigen [22]. Antigen-specific IgG antibodies produced after the second vaccination were significantly lower in the basophil-depleted mice than in control mice. Thus, basophils are important contributors to humoral memory immune responses. 

Fractionation. The process by which components are extracted firm bacterial eells or from the medium in whieh the baeteria are grown and obtained in a purified form. The polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis are separated from the bacterial cells by treatment with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and those of Streptococcus pneumoniae with ethanol. The purity of an extracted material may be improved by resolubilization in a suitable solvent and precipitation. After purification, a component may be dried to a powder, stored indefinitely and, as required, incorporated into a vaccine in precisely weighed amounts at the blending stage. 

Herd immunity refers to high levels of immunization in one population resulting in protection of another unvaccinated population. For example, concentrated vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine resulted in decreased invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection not only in the vaccinated children, but also in elderly persons within the same community. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. S. pneumoniae causes approximately 3000 cases of meningitis, 50,000 cases of bacteremia, 500,000 cases of pneumonia, and over 1 million cases of otitis media each year. The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae has highlighted the need to prevent infection through vaccination. Both licensed pneumococcal vaccines are highly effective in preventing disease from the common S. pneumoniae serotypes that cause human disease. 

Pneumococcal vaccine is a mixture of capsular polysaccharides from 23 of the 83 most prevalent types of Streptococcus pneumoniae seen in the United States. 

Pneumococcal Disease In October 2002, the FDA approved the use of Prevnar for immunization of infants and toddlers against otitis media— middle ear infection. Prevnar is a pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine. It is formulated with a sterile solution of saccharides conjugated to the antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

Pneumococcal vaccines Mixture of purified surface polysaccharide antigens obtained from differing serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Active immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae... 

Pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent [FDA former] Streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide vaccine [SY]... 

Wang, Q., Wang, M., Kong, F., Gilbert, G.L., Cao, B., Wang, L., Feng, L. Development of a DNA microarray to identify the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes contained in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and closely related serotypes. J Microbiol Methods 68 (2007) 128-136. 

Structures of Some of the Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae Contained in the Current, Pneumococcal Vaccine... 

Nayak, A. R., Tinge, S. A., Tart, R. C., McDaniel, L. S., and Briles, D. E., 3rd, and Curtiss, R. (1998), A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect. Immun., 66,3744—3751. 

Qll Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis can be caused either by viral or bacterial infections. Production of thick, green sputum suggests Chandra has a bacterial infection. Common bacterial pathogens affecting the lung include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. It is recommended that COPD patients receive influenza vaccine each year pneumoccocal vaccine is also often recommended in chronic lung disease and may prevent recurrence of chest infection in the elderly. 

A series of vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae, started at two months of age, has greatly reduced the incidence of that form of meningitis. Vaccines also exist against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, but these vaccines are only recommended for those people who have particular susceptibility to those organisms, due to certain immune deficiencies, lack of a spleen, or sickle cell anemia. 

Pneumococcal vaccine is composed of a saline solution containing the purified capsular polysaccharides of 23 types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The improved 23-valent vaccine, which replaced a 14-valent vaccine at the beginning of the 1980s, contains antigens to pneumococcal types that are responsible for about 85% of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. 

Starting in the 1920s, very many different mixed bacterial vaccine products (including inactivated bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus species. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, H. influenzae) were marketed worldwide. Currently, there are still several products available in European countries, and one product in the USA. Most vaccines have been used for treatment of recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory tract. The efficacy of these products is doubtful. Delayed hypersensitivity to bacterial products is common. Delayed reactions, sometimes associated with vague malaise or myalgia, can occur after the administration of maintenance doses for months. If delayed skin reactions are accompanied by any systemic symptoms, administration of the mixed vaccine should be drastically reduced or stopped (87). 

In 1974 vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis [20] followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae [21,22] in 1977 and later Haemophilus influenzae type b [23] were licensed (see Table 1). 

The three most likely pathogens of bacterial meningitis in the United States are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Hemophilus influenzae, although routine vaccination may cause a change in the epidemiology in the years to come. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae CD4 count of >200 cells/mcL 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, 0.5 mL intramuscularly... 

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