Immune memory

The use of recombinant viral vectors as vaccination tools displays considerable clinical promise. One potential complicating factor, however, centres around the possibility that previous recipient exposure to the virus being used as a vector would negate the therapeutic efficacy of the product. Such prior exposure would likely indicate the presence of circulating immune memory... 

Nahm, M.H., Kroese, F.G.M., Hoffman, J.W. (1992). The evolution of immune memory and germinal centers. Immunology Today 13,438-441. 

A5. Akbar, A. N., Lord, J. M., and Salmon, M., IFN-alpha and IFN-beta A link between immune memory and chronic inflammation. Immunol. Today 21, 337—342 (2000). 

Vaccination by the nasal route produces a mucosal protection using mucus, the epithelial surface, and both innate and acquired immune responses. The innate defense mechanism plays a very important role in that it influences the type of acquired immune mechanism, which mainly responds on the basis of immune memory. The ability to attain these responses is the main principle of attaining protection from infection. 

The immune response the immune memory makes repeated gene therapy more difficult. 

Martin F, Kearney IF B-cell subsets and the mature preimmune repertoire. Marginal zone and B1 B cells as part of a natural immune memory . Immunol Rev 2000 175 70-79. 

The Role of Neutrophils in Antitumor Immune Memory Rejection... 

Recent discoveries suggest that involvement of neutrophils in the building phase of antitumor immune memory should be reconsidered based on (1) their APC potential [19, 20] and (2) the ability of IFN-y, which is important in the elaboration of the antitumor immune memory, to promote granulocyte differentiation toward an APC phenotype and function [20]. 

Neutrophils are certainly one of the effector arms involved in destruction of the second inoculum after the establishment of an antitumor immune memory [54, 65, 80]. The cytokines released by engineered tumor cells play a leading role in skewing the memory reaction toward Thl or Th2 [50]. However, secondary rejection is not simply the work of T cells since the selective removal of granulocytes impairs or even abolishes rejection after establishment of either a Thl- or a Th2-deflected immune memory [50]. It may well be that the cytolytic activity of PMN is guided by factors secreted by T cells. 

Selection of candidates must take account of the significant fraction of patients whose tumors lack MHC class I [106, 107] or are so poorly differentiated and immunogenic that tumor-specific immunotherapy is doomed to failure. Under appropriate immunoregulatory stimuli, such as those obtained by combining the effects of IL-12 and IL-15 [59], granulocytes may lead to tumor destruction and cooperate in antitumor immune memory reactions to prevent relapses. 

Giovarelli M, Musiani P, Modesti A, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Allione A, Consalvo M, Cavallo F, di Pierro F, De Giovanni C, Musso T, Fomi G Local release of lL-10 by transfected mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells does not suppress but enhances antitumor reaction and elicits a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte and antibody-dependent immune memory. J Immunol 1995 155 3112-3123. 

Giovarelli M, Cappello P, Fomi G, Salcedo T, Moore PA, LeFleur DW, Nardelli B, Di Carlo E, Lollini PL, Ruben S, Ullrich S, Garotta G, Musiani P Tumor rejection and immune memory elicited by locally released LEC chemokine are associated with an impressive recruitment of APCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. J Immunol 2000 164 3200-3206. 

Vig, M., Srivastava, S., Kandpal, U., Sade, H., Lewis, V, Sarin, A., George, A., Bal, V, Durdik, J.M., and Rath, S. (2004). Inducible nitric oxide synthase in T cells regulates T cell death and immune memory. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1734-1742. 

Bice DE, Muggenburg BA. Pulmonary immune memory localized production of antibody in the lung after antigen challenge. Immunology 1996 88 191-197. 

Repeat infections by the same virus or bacteria are met immediately with a strong and specific response that usually stops the infection and has less reliance on the innate system. Vaccination against infection is possible due to this immune memory. The first adaptive response against an infection, called the primary response, often takes days to mature. In contrast, a memory response develops within hours of infection. Memory is maintained by a subset of B and T lymphocytes called memory cells, which can potentially survive for years in the body. Memory cells remain ready to respond rapidly and efficiently to a subsequent encounter with a pathogen, giving rise to stronger and faster so-called secondary responses (Litman et al., 2010). 

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