Stimulated poly

Epidemiological studies suggest that niacin may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson s disease via the following process. NAD produced from niacin releases nicotinamide via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation which is activated in Parkinson s disease. Released excess nicotinamide is methylated to 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) in the cytoplasm by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. MNA destroys several subunits of complex I via superoxide formation. This can destroy complex I subunits either directly or indirectly via mitochondrial DNA damage, and stimulates poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. It has been proposed that this implicates nicotinamide as a potential causal agent in the development of Parkinson s disease (Fukushima et al., 2004). 

Kaufmann I, Martin G, Friedlein A, Keller W. Human Fipl is a subunit of CPSF that binds to U-rich elements and stimulates poly(A) polymerase. EMBO. 2004 23 616-26. 

Yamashiro D, Yoshioka M, Ashiuchi M. (2011). Bacillus subtilis pgsE (Formerly ywtC) stimulates poly-y-glutamate production in the presence of zinc. Biotechnol Bioeng, 108, 226-230. 

Hashida T, Ohgushi H, Yoshihara K (1979) Highly effective DNA in stimulating poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 88 305-311... 

DNA strand breaks, induced by exposure to chemicals or ionizing radiation stimulate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity (1, 2). The resultant protein modifications have been postulated to comprise an important step in the DNA repair process (3). Inhibitors of the polymerase have been shown to sensitize human fibroblasts (4) and certain tumor cells (5) to ionizing radiation and to inhibit the repair of potentially lethal radiation injury (6, 7). That the response of the tumor cell lines vary, with some showing sensitivity to inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and irradiation while others do not, suggested a need for detailed investigation of the ADP-ribosylation process in these tumor cell lines. In the present study we report the quantitative variations in protein-bound mono(ADP-ribose) levels as well as poly(ADP-ribose) pol)unerase activities and cellular NAD levels of various tumor cells. To this end, we also describe die development and characterization of polyclonal antisera to mono(ADP-ribose) and its potential use as a probe for studies of ADP-ribosylation. 

Another response of most eukaryotic cells to carcinogen-mediated DNA strand breaks is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a variety of nuclear proteins, catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. We dierefore studied a possible role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in carcinogen-inducible DNA amplification in a SV40 transformed Chinese hamster cell line (CO 60) which shows amplification of integrated viral sequences after carcinogen treatment (5, 7). We found that inhibition of carcinogen-stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by 3-aminobenzamide (SAB) is correlated with an enhancement of inducible DNA amplification in CO 60 cells (13). 

So in this cell line 2 mM nicotinamide stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) levels presumably via its effect on NAD+ synthesis. This is in contrast to the inhibition of polymer accumulation seen in fresh human lymphocytes (6). This cell-type specific variation in the effect of nicotinamide underlines its inadequacy as an inhibitor of ADP-ribosylation in whole cell studies. 

The photoactivated analog retains the functional activity of streptomycin by two criteria (1) it binds only to the 30 S ribosomal subparticle, and (2) it inhibits the factor-free ( nonenzymic ) p-chloromercuriben-zoate-stimulated poly (U)-dependent ribosomal translation system. ... 

Atanase LI, Riess G (2013) Micellization of pH-stimulable poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymers and their complexation with anionic surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 395 190-197. doi 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.058... 

The combination of stmctural strength and flotation has stimulated the design of pleasure boats using a foamed-in-place polyurethane between thin skins of high tensUe strength (231). Other ceUular polymers that have been used in considerable quantities for buoyancy appHcations are those produced from polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and certain types of mbber. The susceptibUity of polystyrene foams to attack by certain petroleum products that are likely to come in contact with boats led to the development of foams from copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrUe which are resistant to these materials... 

The polymers which have stimulated the greatest interest are the polyacetylenes, poly-p-phenylene, poly(p-phenylene sulphide), polypyrrole and poly-1,6-heptadiyne. The mechanisms by which they function are not fully understood, and the materials available to date are still inferior, in terms of conductivity, to most metal conductors. If, however, the differences in density are taken into account, the polymers become comparable with some of the moderately conductive metals. Unfortunately, most of these polymers also have other disadvantages such as improcessability, poor mechanical strength, instability of the doped materials, sensitivity to oxygen, poor storage stability leading to a loss in conductivity, and poor stability in the presence of electrolytes. Whilst many industrial companies have been active in their development (including Allied, BSASF, IBM and Rohm and Haas,) they have to date remained as developmental products. For a further discussion see Chapter 31. 

The polymers which have stimulated the greatest interest are the polymers of acetylene, thiophene, pyrrole and aniline, poly-p-phenylene, polyphenylvinylene and poly-l,6-heptadiyne. Of these materials polypyrrole has been available from BASF under the trade name Lutamer P160 since 1988. 

For additional evaluation of the effect of hydrophobization and the molecular weight of the polymers on the biological immuno-stimulating activity, we investigated the ex vivo cytokine (interIeukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor [TNFj-inducing activity from human peripheral whole blood cells of hydrophobized polymers by use of fractionated poly(M A-CDA) with narrow poly-dispersity. Since this assay uses the intact human cells, it shows more accurate results than in vitro assay using cultured cell line [25]. 

Hayama et al.132 discussed the catalytic effects of silver ion-polyacrylic add systems toward the hydrolyses of 2,4-dinitrophenylvinylacetate 84 (DNPVA) by using the weak nudeophilicity of carboxylic groups and the change-transfer interactions between olefinie esters and silver ions133Metal complexes of basic polyelectrolytes are also stimulating as esterase models. Hatano etal. 34, 13S) reported that some copper(II)-poly-L-lysine complexes were active for the hydrolyses of amino acid esters, such as D- and L-phenylalanine methyl ester 85 (PAM). They... 

The microencapsulation and controlled release of nucleic acids, e.g., poly(I C), for the stimulation of interferon production has been patented (87). 

Fix, J. A., and Leppert, P. S., Erodible poly(ortho ester) drug delivery systems In vitro erosion in canine and USP-stimulated gastric juice, J. Control. Rel., 4, 87-95, 1986. 

Stimulated by extensive research activities on donor/acceptor substituted stilbenes, Mullen and Klarner have reported a donor/acceptor substituted poly(4,4 -biphenyl-diylvinylene) derivative (85) in which the NR2 donor and CN acceptor substituents are located on the vinylene unit [111]. The synthesis is based on a C-C-coupling reaction of in situ generated carbanion functions with a (pseudo)cation function, followed by a subsequent elimination of MeSH with formation of the olefinic double bond. 

Biochemical and genetic experiments in yeast have revealed that the b poly(A) tail and its binding protein, Pablp, are required for efficient initiation of protein synthesis. Further studies showed that the poly(A) tail stimulates recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the mRNA through a complex set of interactions. Pablp, bound to the poly(A) tail, interacts with eIF-4G, which in turn binds to eIF-4E that is bound to the cap structure. It is possible that a circular structure is formed and that this helps direct the 40S ribosomal subunit to the b end of the mRNA. This helps explain how the cap and poly(A) tail structures have a synergistic effect on protein synthesis. It appears that a similar mechanism is at work in mammalian cells. 

The effect of pH and cation concentration on pectinesterase (PE) activation and permeation on 30 kD MWCO ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was evaluated. In order of increasing effectiveness, PE activity was stimulated by monovalent and divalent cations, poly amines and trivalent cations. A similar trend was observed for permeation on UF membranes. Cation addition and higher pH releases PE from an inactive complex, increases activity, and increases permeation. Higher cation concentration decreases activity and permeation. These results suggest a common mechanism is involved in PE activation and permeation. 

The identification and quantification of potentially cytotoxic carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes such as pentanal, hexanal, traw-2-octenal and 4-hydroxy-/mAW-2-nonenal, and ketones such as propan- and hexan-2-ones) also serves as a useful marker of the oxidative deterioration of PUFAs in isolated biological samples and chemical model systems. One method developed utilizes HPLC coupled with spectrophotometric detection and involves precolumn derivatization of peroxidized PUFA-derived aldehydes and alternative carbonyl compounds with 2,4-DNPH followed by separation of the resulting chromophoric 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones on a reversed-phase column and spectrophotometric detection at a wavelength of378 nm. This method has a relatively high level of sensitivity, and has been successfully applied to the analysis of such products in rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomal suspensions stimulated with carbon tetrachloride or ADP-iron complexes (Poli etui., 1985). 

Poli, G., Dianzani, M.U., Cheeseman, K.H., Slater, T.F., Lang, J. and Esterbauer, H. (1985). Separation and characterization of the aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation stimulated by carbon tetrachloride or ADP-iron in isolated rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomal suspensions. Biochem. J. 227, 629-638,... 

Poli, G., Albano, E., Biasi, F., Cecchini, G., Carini, R-, Bel-lomo, G. and Dianzani, M.U. (1985). Lipid peroxidation stimulated by carbon tetrachlorde or iron and hepatocyte death protective effect of vitamin E. In Free Radicals in Liver Injury (eds. G. Poli, K.H. Cheeseman, M.U. Dinzani and T.F. Slater) pp. 127-134. Oxford, IRL Press. 

---