Developmental products

Agricultural Uses. Pesticides represent the second largest commercial market for hydrazine. Hundreds of hydrazine derivatives have been patented for a wide range of agricultural appHcations. Table 13 presents a sampling of the 50—60 that are commercially available or developmental products. These compounds are made from hydrazine, MMH, and UDMH and are for the most part heterocycHc nitrogen compounds (see Insect control technology). 

Table 13 shows some of the developmental products that have EPA appHcations pending and may be available in the near future. Sea Nine is a variation on the very successflil isothiazolone chemistry. It is claimed to be an improvement over metallic actives used for antifouling paint and wood preservation (46,47). Decylthioethylamine and its water-soluble hydrochloride are claimed to be especially effective at controlling biofilm in cooling water appHcations (48—50). The hydroxymethylpyra2ole shown is also suggested to have properties that are well suited to the protection of aqueous products or emulsions (51,52). 

Dicyclopentadiene (24) [77-73-6] is an inexpensive raw material for hydrocyanation to (25), a mixture of l,5-dicarbonittile [70874-28-1] and 2,5-dicarbonittile [70874-29-2], then subsequent hydrogenation to produce tricyclodecanediamine, TCD diamine (26). This developmental product, a mixture of endo and exo, cis and trans isomers, is offered by Hoechst. 

A number of other N-substituted 2-pyrroHdinones have been offered commercially or promoted as developmental products. These materials offer different and sometimes unique solvency properties. AH are prepared by reaction of butyrolactone with suitable primary amines. Principal examples are Hsted in Table 4. 

There are currentiy no commercial producers of C-19 dicarboxyhc acids. During the 1970s BASF and Union Camp Corporation offered developmental products, but they were never commercialized (78). The Northern Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL) carried out extensive studies on preparing C-19 dicarboxyhc acids via hydroformylation using both cobalt catalyst and rhodium complexes as catalysts (78). In addition, the NRRL developed a simplified method to prepare 9-(10)-carboxystearic acid in high yields using a palladium catalyst (79). 

The polymers which have stimulated the greatest interest are the polyacetylenes, poly-p-phenylene, poly(p-phenylene sulphide), polypyrrole and poly-1,6-heptadiyne. The mechanisms by which they function are not fully understood, and the materials available to date are still inferior, in terms of conductivity, to most metal conductors. If, however, the differences in density are taken into account, the polymers become comparable with some of the moderately conductive metals. Unfortunately, most of these polymers also have other disadvantages such as improcessability, poor mechanical strength, instability of the doped materials, sensitivity to oxygen, poor storage stability leading to a loss in conductivity, and poor stability in the presence of electrolytes. Whilst many industrial companies have been active in their development (including Allied, BSASF, IBM and Rohm and Haas,) they have to date remained as developmental products. For a further discussion see Chapter 31. 

The Phillips Corporation have recently introduced interesting copolymers related to PPS. In addition to the use of p-dichlorobenzene and Na2S, a second aromatic dichloro compound is used. For the marketed material PAS-2 this is 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulphone whilst for the developmental products PAS-1 and PAS-B the compounds are 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl-ketone. Each of these copolymers is amorphous, so that a high heat deformation resistance requires a high value for. ... 

A dedicated automation specialist or group with necessary skill sets (analytical chemistry, computer literacy, and instrumentation) able to devote sufficient time to automation implementation is critical to take a project to fruition. The success of a robotics program can be enhanced greatly by making it accessible to a large population. Thus, it is essential for automation specialists to work closely with every analytical area to develop and validate automated methods for developmental products. After the technology is well established, the specialists can return to their operating areas. 

We are now in a cycle characterized by incremental innovation, not therapeutic breakthroughs, and it is reasonable for industry critics to question the industry on the value of its innovations. A wave of patent expiries, high failure rates of developmental products, pressure to reduce or contain healthcare inflation (prices and expenditures), and access to essential medicines in developing countries have resulted in a global environment of increasing hostility. At this point it is difficult to predict the direction in which the environment will move over the next three to five years. 

Manufacturing changes Scale-up of a developmental product using encapsulation equipment of different design. 

Solvent-free polymer-electrolyte-based batteries are still developmental products. A great deal has been learned about the mechanisms of ion conductivity in polymers since the discovery of the phenomenon by Feuillade et al. in 1973 [41], and numerous books have been written on the subject. In most cases, mobility of the polymer backbone is required to facilitate cation transport. The polymer, acting as the solvent, is locally free to undergo thermal vibrational and translational motion. Associated cations are dependent on these backbone fluctuations to permit their diffusion down concentration and electrochemical gradients. The necessity of polymer backbone mobility implies that noncrystalline, i.e., amorphous, polymers will afford the most highly conductive media. Crystalline polymers studied to date cannot support ion fluxes adequate for commercial applications. Unfortunately, even the fluxes sustainable by amorphous polymers discovered to date are of marginal value at room temperature. Neat polymer electrolytes, such as those based on poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO), are only capable of providing viable current densities at elevated temperatures, e.g., >60°C. 

Research to improve ethanol fermentation has also focused on the development of a high solids, continuous feeding process as well as improved yeast strains. Other related developments include processes for the use of biomass feedstocks, such as cellulosic waste material.40"44 The Genencor-NREL collaboration funded by the U.S. DOE has (a) put in place the tools required for continual improvement of biomass-derived cellulases, (b) built a suite of enzymes with enhanced thermostability and improved specific performance at elevated temperatures, (c) developed an improved production strain for the enhanced cellulase components and demonstrated an enhanced production process. Therefore, plans are in place to provide a developmental product(s) in support of continued industry development. 

ID 65-37B is a bromochlorlnated paraffin that performs as an effective flame retardant plasticizer in coated fabrics formulations. ID 65-37B is a 100% organic product and is not water soluble, but is easily eraulsifiable for latex coating systems. This developmental product exhibits excellent thermal and UV stability. 

Zeolites were selected for these studies because they possessed the types of properties (high crystallinity, low sodium content, and wide range of silica/alumina ratio) generally valued in catalyst development work All were commercial (not developmental) products of either the Linde Division of Union Carbide Corporation (Danbury, Connecticut) or Conteka, B.V. (Surte, Sweden). 

An 80-hour test with ultra-low sulfur ( 5 ppm) diesel, a developmental product obtained from Chevron Phillips Chemical, was also successfully completed (Figure 3). The use of this product permits... 

Mr 305.33, cryst., mp. 218-219 C, -232 C, [a] +44.3° (CH3OH). An alkaloid from leaves, stems, and bark of Amoora rohituka and Dys-oxylum binectariferum (Meliaceae) with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, lead structure for cancer therapeutics e.g. the developmental product flavopiridol (tyrosine kinase antagonist). 

Step 1. The Pilot Plant Director shall obtain the following information from suppliers of substances used in the pilot plant, or from the Product Manager or Manager of Regulatory Compliance (MRC) for all developmental products to be made in the pilot plant ... 

The need to control thermal expansion and to increase the strength and Young modulus of aluminum alloys produced new Al-SiC composites alloys containing up to 50 vol-% SiC particles [263], The market is poised for rapid expansion in this area over the next years as developmental products move into commercialization stages. For reinforcement applications SiC is also used in the form of whiskers [264], platelets and fibres. 

This paper will discuss some of the criticality safety aspects of uranium oxide fuel fabrication, and present new information bn plutonium oxide/uranlum oxide fuel fabrication, which is now in the developmental production-line stage. 

Sodium borohydride has been incorporated into alumina (Hodosan and Servan, 1969), cellulose matrices (Perrier and Benerito, 1976), and ion-exchange resins (Gibson and Bailey, 1977). The latter reagent was readily prepared using Amberlite IRA-400 and Amberlyst A-26. A more extensive survey of the properties of this material has been published (Cook et al., 1978 Cook, 1978). The borohydride resin (Resin-Borohydride) is a developmental product of Ventron Corporation, Beverly, Massachusetts. 

This method opened up both industrial production opportunities and allowed research laboratories to easily produce substantial quantities of developmental products. Microcarrier culture is the most versatile, reliable, and characterized procedure for unit volume scale-up of anchorage-dependent cells. It has had widespread use for industrial processes [vaccines, interferon, tPA, and human growth hormone (hGH)] as well as many developmental uses, has been scaled-up to 4000 L, and has the potential for process intensification by perfusion with spin filters or by the use of microporous microcarriers. 

Current granule development has centered on the use of recycled material as the carrier. Some developmental products have been made out of waste materials generated in the recycled paper industry. 

Polybond 3109 Developmental Product Chemically Modified Polyolefin ... 

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