AU-rich element

Chen CY. AU-rich elements characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 1995 20 465-470. 

MK2 (also termed MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2, MAPKAP-K2) is activated by p38 MAP kinase a// (Kotlyarov et al, 2002 Roux and Blenis, 2004). MK2 plays a key role in the control of the production of certain cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor a. MK2 does so by phosphorylating proteins that bind specifically to the regulatory regions in the S untranslated regions (UTRs) of such mRNAs (Hitti et al, 2006). These regions contain AU-rich elements (AREs) to which proteins such as HnRNP A1 also bind. 

Mukherjee, D., Gao, M., O Connor, J. P., Raijmakers, R., Pruijn, G., Lutz, C. S., and Wilusz, J. (2002). The mammalian exosome mediates the efficient degradation of mRNAs that contain AU-rich elements. EMBO J. 21, 165-174. 

DON also enhances COX-2 mRNA stability.28 Such modulation is usually explained by the presence of multiple copies of AUUUA motif in the 3 -untranslated region (3 -UTR) of COX-2 mRNA, since the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3 -UTR of an mRNA targets a transcript for rapid degradation.34 To test this possibility a constitutive SV40... 

Sengupta, T. K., Bandyopadhyay, S., Eernandes, D. )., Spicer, E. K. (2004). Identification of nucleolin as an AU-rich element binding protein involved in bcl-2 mRNA stabilization. J. Biol. Chem. 17D, 10855-10863. 

J. M. Di Noia, I. D Orso, D. O. Sanchez, and A. C. C. Frasch, AU-rich elements in the 3 -untranslated region of a new mucin-type family of Trypanosoma cruzi confers mRNA instability and modulates translation efficiency, J. Biol. Chem., 275 (2000) 10218—10227. 

Liu, L., K. Fujiki, B. Dixon and R.S. Sundick. Cloning of a novel rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CC chemokine with a fractalkine-like stalk and a TNF decoy receptor using cDNA fragments containing AU-rich elements. Cytokine 17 71-81, 2002. 

Blackshear P J, Lai W S, Kennington E A, et al. (2003). Characteristics of the interaction of a synthetic human tristetraprolin tandem zinc finger peptide with AU-rich element-containing RNA substrates. J. Biol. Chem. 278 19947-19955. 

Lai W S, Carballo E, Strum J R, et al. (1999). Evidence that tristetraprolin binds to AU-rich elements and promotes the deadenylation and destabilization of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 4311-4323. 

Lai WS, Carballo E, Thorn JM,et al. (2000). Interactions of CCCH zinc finger proteins with mRNA. Binding of tristetraprolin-related zinc finger proteins to Au-rich elements and destabilization of mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 275 17827-17837. 

Worthington M T, Pelo J W, Sachedina M A, et al. (2002). RNA binding properties of the AU-rich element-binding recombinant Nup475/TISll/tristetraprolin protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277 48558-48564. 

Bakheet T, Williams B R G, Khabar K S A (2003). ARED 2.0 An update of AU-rich element mRNA database. Nucl. Acids Res. 31 421-423. 

Lai W S, Blackshear P J (2001). Interactions of CCCH zinc Anger proteins with mRNA Tristetraprolin- mediated AU-rich element-dependent mRNA degradation can occur in the absence of a poly(A) tail. J. Biol. Chem. 276 23144-23154. 

Vinuesa Good question. We asked an Oxford collaborator to look at this for us. He couldn t see any obvious patterns. Some of these mRNAs do have increased AU-rich elements in their 3 UTRs, and ICOS is one of them, along with IL21 and SAP. But they are not overtly AU rich as TNFa might be, so we are considering other possibilities. We don t think it is going to be a simple consensus sequence solution. 

EXAMPLE 9.42 Cells can also alter the rate at which mRNA molecules are degraded. The sequences involved in regulating mRNA stability are usually in the 3 untranslated region. Some elements in this region, such as AU-rich elements (AREs), bind proteins that recruit RNA hydrolyzing nucleases, whereas other elements recruit proteins that protect the mRNA from degradation. 

Hudson BP, Martinez-Yamout MA, Dyson HI et al (2004) Recognition of the mRNA AU-rich element by the zinc finger domain of TISlld. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11 257-264... 

ARED http //rc.kfshrc.edu.sa/ared mRNA with AU-rich element... 

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