Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

There have been numerous other host resistance models used for immunotox-icity testing and these have been discussed and reviewed by Burleson and Burleson (2007). The Candida albicans fungal model (Herzyk et al., 2001) is another important model and may be used instead of or in addition to the Listeria monocytogenes model. Candida-specr c IgG and cytokines may also be quantified. Other bacterial host resistance models include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia colt, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, parasitic host resistance models including malaria and Trichinella spiralis, and viral host resistance models including encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and reovirus. 

A combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective treatment for a wide variety of infections including P jiroveci pneumonia, shigellosis, systemic salmonella infections, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. It is active against most Staphylococcus aureus strains, both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, and against respiratory tract pathogens such as the pneumococcus, Haemophilus sp, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (but not Mycoplasma pneumoniae). However, the increasing prevalence of strains of E coli (up to 30% or more) and pneumococci that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole must be considered before using this combination for empirical therapy of upper urinary tract infections or pneumonia. 

Staphylococcus aureus isobutanol, isopentanol, and acetone Pseudomonas aeruginosa isobutanol, butanol, and isopentanol Pseudomonas mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae isobutanol, isopentyl acetate, and 9 isopentanol... 

Due to its powerful specific activity against commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens [33,149-158], including penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria [159-162], moxifloxacin was developed as a respiratory tract anti-infective [163-168]. 

Lemmen SW, et al. Comparison ofthe bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chemotherapy, 2003, 49, 33-35. 

While many natural products have been tested against hundreds of different strains of bacteria, the most common bacteria used in susceptibility tests include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtillis, Chlamydia pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Helicobacter pylori [18, 19], As the amount of published data describing the in vitro, in vivo and clinical antibacterial activities of natural products is so vast it could easily fill a book (or two), this review focuses only on natural products for which there is in vitro, in vivo and some clinical antibacterial data, as well as a plausible mechanism of action. 

Deoxykanamycin B has also been prepared by reduction of the corresponding dichloro derivative with tributylstannane, showing improved activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Klebsiella pneumoniae 602. It was slightly more active than kanamycin B against strains of S. aureus Apo-1, K. pneu-... 

Its most important use is as an antibacterial agent against a wide spectrum of organisms, such as Streptococcus pyrogenes, viridans and pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis, H. influenzae, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia, E. coli, various Shigella and Salmonella, Bordetella pertussis. Vibrio cholerae and Plasmodia. 

The AATCC Method does not specify a pass/fail criterion. Interested parties or industrial trade groups and organizations may set up their own criteria. The NYS 63 has passing criteria of 2% survival for Staphylococcus aureus and 17% survival of Klebsiella pneumoniae. 

The aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from some lichens species were evaluated for antibacterial activity against six standard strains Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and (Aeromonas) that were isolated from different lakes. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed a variable range of antibacterial activity to both standard strains and environmental strains. Similarly the aqueous extract of Peltigera polydactyla and the ethanol extract of the Ramalina farinacea exhibited potent antibacterial activities (Karagoz et al. 2009). 

Some of the most clinical significant bacteria involved in drug-resistant infections include (Table 6.1) Acinetobacter baumannii, P aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to j lactamases, along with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Alekshun and Levy 2(X)7 Lee et al. 2008 Ojha et al. 2008 Weigel et al. 2007). Resistance mechanisms allow bacteria... 

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