Ramalina farinacea

An important dmg in many old Ayurvedic texts that is still used today. The first record is in the Atharvaveda (1500 B.E.). Although in some areas of India, high-quality chhariia is mostly Parmotrema nilgherrense, the lichen mixture can also contain Parmotrema chinense, P. perforatum, P. perlatum, Everniastrum cirrhatum, and E. nepalense, with the occasional adulterants Ramalina farinacea, R. infiata, Usnea baileyi,... 

Esimone CO, Adikwu MU (1999) Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Ramalina farinacea. Fitoterapia 70 428-431... 

The aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from some lichens species were evaluated for antibacterial activity against six standard strains Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and (Aeromonas) that were isolated from different lakes. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed a variable range of antibacterial activity to both standard strains and environmental strains. Similarly the aqueous extract of Peltigera polydactyla and the ethanol extract of the Ramalina farinacea exhibited potent antibacterial activities (Karagoz et al. 2009). 

Stocker-Worgotter E, Elix JA, Grube M (2004) Secondary chemistry of lichen-forming fungi chemosyndromic variation and DNA-analyses of cultures and chemotypes in the Ramalina farinacea complex. Bryologist 107 152-162... 

Esimone and coworkers, in their increasing study of West African lichen species, identified the utility of R. farinacea derivatives against lentiviruses and adenoviruses. Esimone et al. (2005) initially showed that the ethyl-acetate-soluble fraction ET4) from the lichen Ramalina farinacea inhibited the infectivity of lentiviral and adenoviral vectors, as well as wild-type HIV-1. Recorded antiviral activity was about 20 pg/ml. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) led to the suggestion that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a tenfold lower concentratiOTi of the extract. 

Ramalina farinacea Ethyl-acetate-soluble fraction (ET4) Lentiviral and adenoviral vectors, HlV-1 Esimone et al. (2005)... 

Lai D, Odimegwu DC, Esimone C el al (2013) Phenolic compounds with in vitro activity against respiratory syncytial virus from the Nigerian lichen Ramalina farinacea. Planta Med 79... 

Ramalina farinacea Evemic acid Depsides APP Antimicrobial activity Rastogi and Mehrotra... 

Emst-Russell MA, Chai CLL, Wardlaw JH et al (2000) Euplectin and coneuplectin, new naphthopyrones from the lichen Flavoparmelia euplecta. J Nat Prod 63 129-131 Esimone CO, Adikwn MU (1999) Antiniicrobial activity of the cytotoxicity of Ramalina farinacea. Fitoterapia 7 428-431... 

Frost injury of lichens in their natural habitats has been rarely reported (Barkman, 1958) but this does not exclude its occurrence. After a severe winter (1962) in southeastern England, Laundon (1966) found thalli of Parmelia caperata totally bleached or discolored in the marginal zone. This must be exclusively due to winter killing and not to toxic damage because Ramalina farinacea and Usnea sp. growing in the same place were unharmed. Two years later the recovery of the lichen colony was observed. 

Hirtusneanoside (54) Pinastric acid (55) Evernic acid (56) Antibacterial Usnea hirta, Ramalina farinaceae (L.) Ach., Peltigera polydactyla (Neck.) Hofmm. [65,66]... 

Parmotrema dilatatum (Vain.) Hale, Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale, Pseudopamelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Hale and Usnea subcavata (Motyka), Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad., Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arn., Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach., and Parmelia conspresa (Ach.) Ach. 

Tay, T. et al.. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the hchen Ramalina farinacea and its (-L)-usnic acid, norstictic acid and protocetraiic acid constituents, Zeitschr. Naturforsch, 59c, 384, 2004. 

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