Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

Bubeck Wardenburg J, Schneewind O. Vaccine protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia J Exp Med 2008 205 287-294. 

Bubeck Wardenburg J, Bac T, Otto M et al. Poring over pores alpha-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Nat Med 2007 13 1405-1406. 

Rello J, Quintana E, Ausina V, Puzo C, Net A, Prats G. Risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in critically ill patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990 142 1320-1324. 

Susceptible Gram-positive organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and /3-lactamase-negative Staphylococcus aureus. 

Deformylation of nascent polypeptides has been shown to be a function essential for growth in E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae [15-18]. Moreover, antibacterial mode of action studies, using S. pneumoniae or S. aureus strains in which the expression of PDF is controlled by regulatable promoters, have shown that the antibacterial activity of PDF inhibitors is due to their inhibition of the PDF enzyme, as the susceptibility of the strains to these compounds is dependent on the amount of protein present in the cell [19-21]. These results further validate PDF as a target for novel antibiotics. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus... 

The vast majority of conjunctivitis cases are viral in nature. For acute bacterial conjunctivitis, the cause is primarily grampositive organisms.11 The primary pathogens in acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenzae.12... 

Pneumonia owing to aspiration of oral contents is caused by a variety of anaerobes (Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp., and anaerobic gram-positive cocci), as well as Streptococcus spp. M. catarrhalis and Eikenella corrodens may be involved, but much less frequently.14,15 When gastric contents are aspirated, then enteric gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus are more commonly the pathogens.15... 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common hospital-acquired pathogen and is also increasing in the community. MRSA has presented a problem in the past because it required treatment with vancomycin. Community-acquired MRSA presents a major therapeutic challenge. MRSA can cause pneumonia, cellulitis, and other infections. Clinicians should be aware of the rate of hospital and community MRSA in your geographic area. New treatment options are available for MRSA. They include linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin. Prospective clinical trials have not demonstrated benefits of these agents over vancomycin.36-37... 

Streptococcus pneumoniae Penicillin susceptible Penicillin intermediate Penicillin resistant Group B Streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin susceptible Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Listeria monocytogenes... 

Elderly Pneumococcus, gram-negative bacilli (such as Klebsiella pneumoniae)] Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae Piperacillin-tazobactam, cephalosporin carbapenemP... 

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci... 

Gallium arsenide altered host resistance in B6C3F1 mice, resulting in increased resistance to infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes [18], but increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus [19] and to tumor development by B16F10 melanoma cells [18], However, inhalation exposure to As203 led to increased... 

Mainly [l,2,4]triazolo[3,4-3][l,3,4]thiadiazoles 139 have been tested for their activity against various bacteria like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Bacillus subtillis (Table 4). 

Standard and the isolated strains of the following bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), Klebsiella pneumoniae (RSKK 574), Acinetobacter baumannii (RSKK 02026), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) for determination of antibacterial activity, along with standard strains of Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) were used for determination of antifungal activity. 

Mabe S, Champney WS. (2005) A comparison of a new oral streptogramin XRP 2868 with qninnpristindalfopristin against antibiotic-resistant strains of Haemophilus Influenzae, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Curr Microbiol 51 363-366. 

It has repeatedly been shown that penicillin and tetracyclines retain their growth-promoting activity when used in the same agricultural surroundings for periods of 30 years or longer. Furthermore, tetracyclines continue to be effective in the treatment of both human and animal diseases. Atkinson and Lorian (19) found that coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staph, epidermidis showed "virtually the same susceptibilities" to tetracycline in 242 US hospitals, 1971 to 1982. 

Acute bacterial sinusitis Caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or Staphylococcus aureus. 

Community-acquired pneumonia For the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains only), including cases with concurrent bacteremia, or Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only). 

Figure 85. Activity of some alkaloids on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, 1) and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2) bacteria. Explanations Observe that the value for Scutianine E and Xanthoxyline is the same (12.5pg). Alkaloids indicated in 1 but not in 2 have values of more than 100 pg. In the case of Penduline there is no data available (Refs [388, 389, 390, 394 ]).

In mice infections with pneumococci were influenced very satisfactorily by aristolochic acid I. Rats with wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were treated intraperitoneally or orally with aristolochic acid I compared to controls, the treated animals recovered much faster. Rabbits after intravenous application of aristolochic acid I showed an increased antibactericial action of serum (97). Mice infected with bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Diphococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes could be protected by treatment with 50 xg/kg ip of aristolochic acid I (97). 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

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