Standards for piping

Except as limited elsewhere in this Code, pressure-temperature ratings contained in standards for piping... 

Dimensional standards for piping components are listed in Table IP-8.1. Dimensional requirements contained in specifications listed in Mandatory Appendix IX shall also be considered requirements of this Code. 

Table A-1 contains international standards corresponding to those listed in A-1. Table A-2 shows U.S. and corresponding international standards for piping components.

Details of the standard pipe fittings, welded, screwed, and flanged, can be found in manufacturers catalogues and in the appropriate national standards. Standards for pipe fittings are set by the AS ME B16 committee. The standards for metal pipes and fittings are discussed by Masek (1968). 

Applicable Standards. For pipe fittings and flanges ASTM standards are used to describe the material and ASME or API standards to describe the product type. 

ASA American Standards Association. Standards for pipe, pipe flanges, and fittings. Published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 W. 39th St., New York. 

Exposure to living organisms is a biological rather than a physical test and is normally entrusted to specialist laboratories. A British standard for pipe joint rings [4] includes a requirement for resistance to microbiological degradation, and there is an ISO standard for re,sistance of plastics to fungi and bacteria (5). 

A basic standard for piping engineering, for instance ASME Standard B31.3 for process piping is commonly employed. This addresses subjects such as the calculation methods to be employed for design and stress analysis, the treatment of thermal expansion, and the permissible stresses for various materials and temperatures. 

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has a standard for pressurized piping and containers. A well-established standard is the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. ASME also has standards for piping, flanges, fittings, and other elements under pressure. The standards give specifications for installation and certification testing of overpressure devices. 

In 1968, members of the Criticality Safety Division within ANS Subcommittee 8 appointol a work group to examine the status of data and develop the scope of a proposed standard for pipe iiitersections. In 1970, the work group limited the scope of the standard to 93.5 wt% enriched uranyl nitrate solutions due to the paucity of critical experiment data available for pipe intersections containing solutions of fissile material... 

The original bellows manufacturer s design guide was not consulted, nor did the team follow the applicable British Standards for piping design and testing. As was stated in Chapter 2, engineering standards are only a minimal requironent however, in this example, if the standard had been followed, the accident may have been averted. 

Finally, as composite repairs become more familiar to the pipeline repair industry, there is a high probability that the entire industry will become more standardized.. Similar to how the steel industry developed a common means of specifying steel strengths, such as American National Steel Institute (ANSI) and American Petroleum Institute (API) have established standards for pipe, there will be more standards instituted into the nonmetallic repair design by the pipeline industry to ensure that the repairs meet specified performance standards. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Finally, under the heading Specific pressure equipment requirements specific requirements are set out for equipment with a risk of overheating, for piping and, last but not least, specific quantitative requirements which set out a series of safety factors for certain pressure equipment. These latter provisions apply as a general rule which means that a manufacturer or a harmonised standard may deviate from these factors if it can be demonstrated that appropriate measures have been taken to achieve an equivalent level of safety. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. l-Methyl-2-pyrrohdinone is available in tank cars or tank trailers as well as in dmms. Shipping containers are normally of unlined steel. Rubber hose is unsuitable for handling standard steel pipe or braided steel hose is acceptable. Ordinarily 1020 carbon steel (0550) is satisfactory as a storage material. Stainless-steel 304 and 316, nickel, and aluminum are also suitable. MethylpyrroHdinone is hygroscopic and must be protected from atmospheric moisture. In September 1994, NMP was Hsted at 3.89/kg. 

For horizontal hare standard steel pipe of various sizes in a room at 80 F... 

Extracted from the American National Standard for Ductile-Iron Pipe, CentrifugaUy Cast in Metal Molds or Sand-Lined Molds, for Water or Other liquids, ANSI A21.51—1976, with permission of the piihlisher, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. 

Petroleum pipe hues before 1969 were built to ASA (now ANSI) Standard B31.4 for liquids and Standard B31.8 for gas. These standards were seldom mandatoiy because few states adopted them. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which now has responsi-bihty for pipe-line regulation, issued Title 49, Part 192—Transportation of Natural Gas and Other Gas by Pipeline Minimum Safety Standards, and Part 195—Transportation of Liquids by Pipehne. These contain considerable material from B31.4 and B31.8. They allow generally higher stresses than the ASME Pressure Vessel Code would allow for steels of comparable strength. The enforcement of their regulations is presently left to the states and is therefore somewhat uncertain. 

I xtemal inspection criteria are provided by these standards for foundation and supports, anchor bolts, concrete or steel supports, guy wires, nozzles, sprinklers pipe hangers, . rouiuling coiiiiee(ions, protective coatings, insulation, and external metal surfaces. 

Equation 2-25 is valid for calculating the head loss due to valves and fittings for all conditions of flows laminar, transition, and turbulent [3], The K values are a related function of the pipe system component internal diameter and the velocity of flow for v-/2g. The values in the standard tables are developed using standard ANSI pipe, valves, and fittings dimensions for each schedule or class [3]. The K value is for the size/type of pipe, fitting, or valve and not for the fluid, regardless of whether it is liquid or gas/vapor. 

Figure 2-43. Evaluation curves for friction losses of air and steam flowing turbulently in commercial pipe at low pressures. By permission, Standards for Steam Jet Ejectors, 4th Ed., Heat Exchange Institute, 1988.

Values are rhe same, size for size, as those shown on the facing page for Standard Wall Pipe (heaviest weight on S, 10, arid l .-ineh sizes). 

For heat loss from bare standard NFS pipe, see Table 10-... 

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