Fusion methods

In general, different similarity measures yield different rankings, except when they are monotonic. Improved results are obtained by using data fusion methods to combine the rankings resulting from different coefficients. 

W. C. McCrone, Fusion Methods in Chemical Microscopy, Interscience Pubhshers, New York, 1957. 

The tin content of ores, concentrates, ingot metal, and other products is determined by fire assay, fusion method, and volumetric wet analysis. 

In this method, a metal oxide or hydroxide is slurried in an organic solvent, neodecanoic acid is slowly added, and the mixture is refluxed to remove the water. Salts that are basic can be prepared by using less than stoichiometric amounts of acid. This method has been used in the preparation of metal salts of silver (80) and vanadium (81). The third method of preparation is similar to the fusion process, the difference is the use of finely divided metal as the starting material instead of the metal oxide or hydroxide. This method has been appHed to the preparation of cobalt neodecanoate (82). Salts of tin (83) and antimony (84) have been prepared by the fusion method, starting with lower carboxyHc acids, then replacing these acids with neodecanoic acid. 

Advancement Process. In the advancement process, sometimes referred to as the fusion method, Hquid epoxy resin (cmde diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) is chain-extended with bisphenol A in the presence of a catalyst to yield higher polymerized products. The advancement reaction is conducted at elevated temperatures (175—200°C) and is monitored for epoxy value and viscosity specifications. The finished product is isolated by cooling and cmshing or flaking the molten resin or by allowing it to soHdify in containers. 

The present method, based on a recent publication, ensures a low temperature of reaction which precludes racemization and is more convenient than the fusion method for large-scale operation. 

Work at Berkeley-Livermore in 1974 first convincingly demonstrated the synthesis of this element via the reaction " Cf( 0,4n) 106. Contemporaneous work at Dubna applied their novel cold fusion method (p. 1280) to reactions such as 82 Pb - - 24 Cr although this methodolgy was crucial to the synthesis of all later elements (107-112) it did not at that time demonstrate the formation of element 106 with adequate conviction. Very recently, element 106 was resynthesized by a new group at Berkeley using exactly the same reaction as employed in 1974. The isotope 106 decays with a half-life of 0.8 0.2 s to 104 and then by a second... 

The method has the advantage of not introducing any metallic ions, but it is essential to remove the excess of nitric acid (see Discussion in Section 11.72). The action is slower than by the fusion method. 

The demand for the determination proved so great that the method has been placed on a routine basis. One man can make 40 to 50 chlorine determinations on dry resins in an 8-hour day with a precision approaching that of the almost prohibitively time-consuming potassium fusion method. The Parr-bomb method permits about 40 analyses by two men in an 8-hour day, but precision suffers considerably when the work is done at this speed. 

Complete dissolution of plutonium residues, especially high temperature calcined plutonium dioxide contained in residues such as incinerator ash, continues to cause problems, despite continued research since the Manhattan Project (9). Methods to improve the Rocky Flats system include the use of additives (e.g., cerium) and electrochemistry, other solvents (HCl-SnCl2) as well as high-temperature fusion methods (10). High pressure dissolution, HF preleaching, fluorination, and other methods are being investigated. 

Methyl 2,3-di-0-acetyl-4,6-cyclo-4,6-dideoxy-p-D-galactopyranoside 2-Carb-35.2. Ring fusion methods... 

Ring fusion methods, 145-146 Ring shape, notation, cyclic monosaccharides, 69 Ring size, cyclic monosaccharides, 59... 

The artificial lipid bilayer is often prepared via the vesicle-fusion method [8]. In the vesicle fusion process, immersing a solid substrate in a vesicle dispersion solution induces adsorption and rupture of the vesicles on the substrate, which yields a planar and continuous lipid bilayer structure (Figure 13.1) [9]. The Langmuir-Blodgett transfer process is also a useful method [10]. These artificial lipid bilayers can support various biomolecules [11-16]. However, we have to take care because some transmembrane proteins incorporated in these artificial lipid bilayers interact directly with the substrate surface due to a lack of sufficient space between the bilayer and the substrate. This alters the native properties of the proteins and prohibits free diffusion in the lipid bilayer [17[. To avoid this undesirable situation, polymer-supported bilayers [7, 18, 19] or tethered bilayers [20, 21] are used. 

In the fusion method for ointments, mineral oil, petrolatum, waxes, and other ingredients that belong in the formulation are heated together to somewhere... 

Figure 6.2. Domain fusion method to detect functional linkages between proteins. If two proteins, A and B, from a certain species are expressed as a single fused protein within another species, the proteins A and B are proposed to be functionally linked. Because the fusion protein contains homology to both A and B, it is termed a Rosetta Stone sequence. Specific examples from domain fusion analyses are shown. Figure adapted from Eisenberg et al. (2000) and Marcotte et al. (1999).

Coleman93] Coleman, D., etal. 1993. Object-Oriented Development The Fusion Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall. 

Fusidic acid, bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3 32t Fusinite, 6 707t, 719, 828 Fusion, PVC, 25 663-664. See also Cold fusion Deuterium fusion Fusion-bonded-epoxies (FBE), 10 440 Fusion carburization, 4 674-675 Fusion-cast refractories, 21 504 shapes of, 21 481-482 Fusion method, for tin content assays, 24 791, 792... 

Laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) was established in the early 1990s as a potential routine tool for the measurement of trace and ultra-trace elements in silicate systems for geology. Early studies (Perkins et al. 1993) used sample preparation techniques identical to that used to prepare rock samples for WDXRF, i.e., either a pressed powder disk or a glass bead fusion method (see Appendix VIII). Such studies concluded that LA-ICP-MS had the potential to surpass XRF in terms of the limits of detection achieved and INAA in terms of the speed of analysis (Perkins et al. 1993 481). It has long been recognized that the main limit on the quantitative performance of LA-ICP-MS is the homogeneity at the trace and ultra-trace level of the solid calibration standards available. Subsequent work (e.g., Hollecher and Ruiz 1995, Norman et al. 1996) has demonstrated that some of the international... 

This fusion method produces an acid-soluble glass bead which is dissolved in nitric acid. It avoids the use of hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. The disadvantages are the cost of platinum labware, and the large quantities of LiB02 used to produce the glass bead increase the total dissolved solids and may contribute to polyatomic species. Dilution to counter these effects may reduce the elements of interest below the instrumental detection limits. 

Additional problems arise within fusion methods, however. One is the fact that the flux must be present in a fairly large quantity in order to be successful. The measurement of the analyte must not be affected by this large quantity. Also, while a flux may be an excellent solvent for difficult samples, it will also dissolve the container to some extent, creating contamination problems. Platinum crucibles are commonly used, but nickel, gold, and porcelain have been successfully used for some applications. 

The In-Fusion method is both insert sequence-independent and enables cloning of PCR products directly into any cloning or expression vector (Fig. 2.Tc). The mechanism of the reaction has not been fully reported but relies on the presence of... 

The fusion method is very advantageous for downstream processing, especially when the fused protein is produced in soluble form, thus circumventing the need for renaturation. In addition, it allows the insertion of affinity tails or tags by fusion of... 

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