Lead bioavailability

Dieter MP, Matthews HB, Jeffcoat RA, et al. 1993. Comparison of lead bioavailability in F344 rats fed lead acetate, lead oxide, lead sulfide, or lead ore concentrate from Skagway, Alaska. J Toxicol Environ Health 39 79-93. 

Graziano J, Blum CB, Lolacono NJ, et al. 1996. A human in vivo model for determination of lead bioavailability using stable isotope dilution. Environ Health Perspect 104 176-179. 

Ruby MV, Davis A, Kempton JH, et al. 1992. Lead bioavailability Dissolution kinetics under simulated gastric conditions. Environ Sci Technol 26 1242-1248. 

Gulson BL, Davis JJ, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Law AJ. 1994. Lead bioavailability in the environment of children Blood lead levels in children can be elevated in a mining community. Arch Environ Health 49(5) 326-331. 

Rooted aquatic plants, such as wild rice (Zizania aquatica), can accumulate up to 67 mg Pb/kg dry weight when cultured in tanks contaminated with high concentrations of powdered lead (equivalent to 7400 kg Pb/ha) however, this level is not considered hazardous to waterfowl feeding on wild rice (Behan et al. 1979). Lead content in plants collected from heavily hunted areas near refuges did not differ from those collected in the protected areas (Behan et al. 1979), which suggests that lead bioavailability to rooted aquatics is substantially lower from shot than from powdered lead. 

Davis, A., Drexler, J. W., Ruby, M. V. Nicholson, A. 1993. Micromineralogy of mine wastes in relation to lead bioavailability, Butte, Montana. Environmental Science Technology, 27, 1415-1425. 

Rabinowitz, M. B. 1993. Modifying soil lead bioavailability by phosphate addition. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 51, 438-444. 

Micromineralogy of mine wastes in relation to lead bioavailability, Butte, Montana. Environ Sci. Technol. 27, 1415-1425. 

Bradham KD, Cayton EA, Basta NT, et al. Effect of soil properties on lead bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006 25(3) 769—75. 

Prokop, G., Schatnann, M., and Edelgaard, I. (2000). Management of Contaminated Sites in Western Europe, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1-171. Rabinowitz, M. B. (1993). Modifying soil lead bioavailability by phosphate addition. Bull. 

Mielke HW and Heneghan JB (1991) Selected chemical and physical properties of soils and gut physiological processes that influence lead bioavailability. Chemical Spedation Bioavailabdity 3 129-134. 

CP Weis, JM LaVelle. Characteristics to consider when choosing an animal model for the study of lead bioavailability. Chem Spec Bioavail 3 113-119, 1991. 

In addition, namral waters have been polluted through atmospheric deposition and industrial effluent, including leaching from mine tailings (3, 407). The speciation of lead in these aqueous systems has important implications, both for lead bioavailability and for the treatment of lead-contaminated systems. 

Lead within soils is distributed between solid and liquid phases, with the latter of major importance to the issue of lead bioavailability, for example, to plant roots where uptake can occur. Studies of lead species in this liquid mobile phase indicate that they exist as both complexed and ionic forms although the latter as simple ions are present in very low concentrations. The extent to which lead can move through soils, in turn, is the extent to which lead binds to insoluble organic and mineralogical inorganic species. The former are typically humic and fulvic acid derivatives, and the latter are surfaces of clays and metal oxides (U.S. EPA, 1986). The factors most important for lead movement within soils are pH, cation exchange capacity of... 

Ohver, D.P., McLaughlin, M.J., Naidu, R., Smith, L.H., Maynard, E.J., Calder, I.C., 1999. Measuring lead bioavailability from household dusts using an in vitro model. Environ. Sci. 33, 4434-4439. 

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