Spectroscopy stable-isotope dilution analysis

The analytical chemistry of rare earths has been reviewed by Banks and Klingman (1961), Loriers (1964), Ryabchikov (1959), and Ryabchikov and Ryabukhin (1964). Fassel (1961) reviewed the analytical spectroscopy of rare earth elements. In volume 4 of this Handbook chapters can be found on the chemical spectrophotometric and polarographic methods (O Laughlin 1979), spark source mass spectrometry (Conzemius 1979, Taylor 1979), optical atomic emission and absorption (DeKalb and Fassel 1979), X-ray excited optical luminescence (D Silva and Fassel 1979), neutron activation (Boynton 1979), mass spectrometric stable isotope dilution analysis (Schuhmaim and Philpotts 1979), and shift reagents and NMR (Reuben and Elgavish 1979). 

Numerous procedures, by a variety of different instruments, are available to quantify the amount of thallium present in hair, blood, tissue, saliva, and urine (for reviews, see [9,81]). Instrumentation used includes emission spectrography, flame and flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), voltammetry, neutron activation analysis, and field desorption mass spectroscopy [13,17,82-90]. Field desorption mass spectroscopy when combined with stable isotope dilution can detect fentomole quantities and has value in that no tissue preparation (other than homogenization) is required [65,82,89], The use of these two methods, however, is restricted to specialized laboratories. 

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