Specific tests

The specific test was made into a specialized bunker of one partner of the CIAPES program. All the vessel was covered by AE sensors to locate witli accuracy AE sources. The corrosion defect was situated on the bottom of the vessel. The service pressure of the vessel was 8 bars, so the vessel was first submitted to a proof test at 12 bars. During this test, the pressure was increased with load holds in order to verify the assessment criteria. After the first hold at 4 bars, a cluster was located at the position of the defect. The number of events located in this cluster increased during all the test (figure 1). 

The System of accreditation is a mechanism that ensures official recognition that calibration or testing laboratory has right to perform testing of measuring devices, specific testing or specific types of testing. 

Specification tests are performed on plant streams once or twice per worker shift, or even more often if necessary, to assure the continuing quahty of the product. The tests are also performed on a sample from an outgoing shipment, and a sample of the shipment is usually retained for checking on possible subsequent contamination. Tests on specialty types of acetone may require sophisticated instmments, eg, mass spectrometry for isotopicaHy labeled acetone. 

In current industrial practice gas chromatographic analysis (glc) is used for quahty control. The impurities, mainly a small amount of water (by Kad-Fischer) and some organic trace constituents (by glc), are deterrnined quantitatively, and the balance to 100% is taken as the acetone content. Compliance to specified ranges of individual impurities can also be assured by this analysis. The gas chromatographic method is accurately correlated to any other tests specified for the assay of acetone in the product. Contract specification tests are performed on product to be shipped. Typical wet methods for the deterrnination of acetone are acidimetry (49), titration of the Hberated hydrochloric acid after treating the acetone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and iodimetry (50), titrating the excess of iodine after treating the acetone with iodine and base (iodoform reaction). 

Specific Tests. Federal (United States) Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (MVSS) 302 is used to measure the burning behavior of materials used in automobile interiors. A specimen is mounted horizontally and ignited for 15 seconds. The burning rate should be below 10 cm /min. The test specimen is 35.5 X 10.1 cm by the actual thickness (up to 1.3 cm). Automakers typically impose more severe criteria than the 10 cm /min in the standard. 

One of the first attempts to produce polyurethane was from the reaction of an intermediate polyol of 1,3- and l,4-bis(hydroxyhexa uoroisopropyl)benzene m- and -12F-diols) by reaction with epichlorohydrin. This polyol was subsequentiy allowed to react with a commercial triisocyanate, resulting in a tough, cross-linked polyurethane (129,135,139). ASTM and military specification tests on these polyurethanes for weather resistance, corrosion prevention, bUster resistance, and ease of cleaning showed them to compare quite favorably with standard resin formulations. 

Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids. Fire-resistant hydrauhc fluids are used where the fluid could spray or drip from a break or leak onto a source of ignition, eg, a pot of molten metal or a gas flame (17). Conditions such as these exist in die-casting machines or in presses located near furnaces. Specific tests for fire resistance are conducted by Factory Mutual in the United States. 

The fermentation-derived food-grade product is sold in 50, 80, and 88% concentrations the other grades are available in 50 and 88% concentrations. The food-grade product meets the Vood Chemicals Codex III and the pharmaceutical grade meets the FCC and the United States Pharmacopoeia XK specifications (7). Other lactic acid derivatives such as salts and esters are also available in weU-estabhshed product specifications. Standard analytical methods such as titration and Hquid chromatography can be used to determine lactic acid, and other gravimetric and specific tests are used to detect impurities for the product specifications. A standard titration method neutralizes the acid with sodium hydroxide and then back-titrates the acid. An older standard quantitative method for determination of lactic acid was based on oxidation by potassium permanganate to acetaldehyde, which is absorbed in sodium bisulfite and titrated iodometricaHy. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 The ASTM MnnualBook ofMSTM Standards contains all up-to-date formally approved (ca 9000) ASTM standard specifications, test methods, classifications, definitions, practices, and related materials, eg, proposals. These are arranged in 15 sections plus an index volume as follows. 

Unless specifically tested, all cyanocarbons should be considered as toxic as sodium cyanide or hydrogen cyanide (see Cyandes). They should be used only in a fume hood, and mbber gloves should be worn. 

Agar-based impression materials must have a compressive strength of at least 0.2 MPa (29 psi). They should have a strain in compression of 4—20% in stresses of 9.8-98 kPa (1.4—14.2 psi) per specification test method, and should not have a permanent deformation exceeding 3% after 12% strain is appHed for 30 seconds. 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

In the United States, federal regulations require automobile manufacturers to certify that vehicles are ia compliance with exhaust emission standards when tested under specific test procedures. 

Solution Velocity The effect of velocity is not usually determined in laboratory tests, although specific tests have been designed for this purpose. However, for the sake of reproducibility some velocity control is desirable. 

Hydro projects, dams, bridges, naval equipment and any installations that aie prone to continuous shocks and vibrations also require their primary and secondary systems to have a better design and operational ability to withstand seismic effects or other ground/surface vibrations. No specific tests are presently prescribed for such applications. But response spectra can be established even for such locations and the primary and secondary systems analysed mathematically or laboratory tested. 

These agencies have developed specific test procedures which must be used to verify compliance with the established limits. 

Thus, if the ratio AT//3 is constant, then the behavior shown in Fig. 12 could be described by the net solution. For many polymers, the characteristic ratio is around 7-10, the ratio Mo/j is the molecular weight per backbone bond (ca. 30-50) and will not vary extensively, b = 1.54 A and the density is about 1 g/cm such that the parameter is nearly constant. Since K is not very sensitive to the polymer properties, Eq. 6.5 is considered to describe the observed fracture behavior shown in Fig. 12. However, the data are not expected to fall on the straight line due to differences in K and j6 for each polymer. As a specific test case, consider... 

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