Specifications and Tests

Specifications and test methods for gasoline (see AFNOR information document M15-001). 

Specifications and test methods for diesel fuel (normal and severe cold grades) (from the standard NF EN 590 see AFNOR information document M15-007 and M15-022). 

Specifications and test methods for jet fuel. The specifications of jet fuels are set at the international level and are written into the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems". 

Table 7.8, which gathers the French government specifications and test methods concerning hydrocarbon solvents, is divided into three parts ... 

Table 7.9 Specifications and test methods for naphthas. These products are industrial intermediates and are not subject to ...

Specifications and test methods for heavy fuel oil (in France, FOL). The French specifications distinguish two grades FOL No. 1 and the heavier ... 

Specifications and test methods for paraffins and waxes. There are no French specifications for these products, but only the customs ... 

Reagents, Indicators, and Solutions. This section includes the specifications and testing methods for reagents to be used in the tests specified in the USP-NF, and directions for making the various indicator, buffer, colorimetric, test, and volumetric solutions used in the testing. Reagents for which ACS specifications exist are referenced to the ACS book (7). 

The Standard-Setting Process. Settiag USP-NF standards is a continuing, and by no means unilateral, process. The Committee of Revision not only develops monographs for new substances but also continually reviews the monographs, specifications, and testing methods for existing substances. Results are pubHshed in one or more supplements each year. A complete review is done every five years and a revision is pubHshed. 

The AGS Book. The ACS book, Feagent Chemicals—zA.CS Specifications, estabhshes a standard of quahty for reagents to be used in precise analytical work, for which purpose it contains both specifications and testing methods for some 350 reagent chemicals. 

The Standard-Setting Process. The committee has three main lines of endeavor the improvement of existing limits for impurities, the improvement of present test methods, and the development of specifications and testing methods for additional compounds. 

FDA Quality Standards. Although standards for many dmgs and biologicals are included in the USP—NF, and for many food additives in the FCC, the FDA also estabhshes some specifications of its own. In the dmg field, specifications and testing methods for antibiotics and biologicals are set by the FDA. Also, specifications and testing methods are prescribed for colorants. Many food-additive petitions are granted with the requirement that certain specifications are met. 

Large quantities of butane are shipped under contract standards rather than under national or worldwide specifications. Most of the petrochemical feedstock materials are sold at purity specifications of 95—99.5 mol %. Butane and butane—petroleum mixtures intended for fuel use are sold worldwide under specifications defined by the Gas Processors Association, and the specifications and test methods have been pubHshed (28). Butanes may be readily detected by gas chromatography. Butanes commonly are stored in caverns (29) or refrigerated tanks. 

Specifications for the principal LPG products are summarized in Table 4. Detailed specifications and test methods for LPG are pubHshed by the Gas Processor s Association (GPA) (3) and ASTM (4). The ASTM specification for special-duty propane and GPA specification for propane HD-5 apply to propane that is intended primarily for engine fuel. Because most domestic U.S. LPG is handled through copper tubing, which could fail if corroded, all products must pass the copper strip corrosion test. A test value of No. 1 represents a LPG noncorrosive to the copper. 

Eiquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods, Gas Processors Association, GPA PubHcation 2140-92, Tulsa, OHa. 

Product Specifications and Testing. Nutrients and diet supplements without claims are considered foods, and thus are regulated by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration and are further subject to specific food regulations. Specifications for the hydrochloride (2) and the mononitrate (3) for foods are given in the Food Chemicals Codex (62) and for pharmaceuticals in the US. Pharmacopeia (63). General test methods have been summarized (64). 

Analysis. Specifications and tests for soluble CN have been adopted by ASTM and are described (48,73—75). Brief descriptions of the most important tests are given here. 

Specifications and Test Methods. The American Society of Electroplated Plastics pubHshes a comprehensive book covering most technical aspects of testing and control (24). A number of ASTM standards have been issued that cover thickness, adhesion, and thermal-cycling resistance of the total plated film. Some specifically for plated plastics include ... 

Properties, Specifications, and Test Methods Standard test methods are required to measure the properties of electroplated materials. Documents on plating specifications for many phases of the plating process are pubHshed by such organizations as the Federal government, the military, ASTM, ISO, SAE, etc. An excellent cross-index of these is available (37). 

ISO 2179, Ekctrodeposited Coatings of Tin—NickelMlloy, Specification and Test Methods, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1986. 

The instrumental analyzer procedure, EPA Method 3A, is commonly used for the determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in emissions from stationary sources. An integrated continuous gas sample is extracted from the test location and a portion of the sample is conveyed to one or more instrumental analyzers for determination of O9 and CO9 gas concentrations (see Fig. 25-30). The sample gas is conditioned prior to introduction to the gas analyzer by removing particulate matter and moisture. Sampling is conducted at a constant rate for the entire test run. Performance specifications and test procedures are provided in the method to ensure reliable data. 

The quality of a drug substance is controlled by its specification. An internationally harmonized guideline on specifications and tests for chemical substances as active ingredients and in drug products makes reference to chiral compounds. This has recently been finalized and is discussed in Section 13.5.2. 

Some internationally harmonized guidelines regarding specifications and tests, impurities and validation of analytical methods have particular relevance to the development of chiral drugs and are discussed below. In addition, the impact of work on the common technical document is considered. 

For pharmacopeial materials scientific data are not normally required in the application provided that the method of production is such that uncontrolled impurities will not be present in the material. Otherwise the impurities concerned should be declared and appropriate specifications and test methods put forward. 

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