Burning behavior

Burlap bags Burner acid Burning behavior Burning tires Burnout agents Bums... 

Specific Tests. Federal (United States) Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (MVSS) 302 is used to measure the burning behavior of materials used in automobile interiors. A specimen is mounted horizontally and ignited for 15 seconds. The burning rate should be below 10 cm /min. The test specimen is 35.5 X 10.1 cm by the actual thickness (up to 1.3 cm). Automakers typically impose more severe criteria than the 10 cm /min in the standard. 

A marked change in burning behavior occurs in properly restricted strands at pressures above 5000 psig, as reported by Irwin et al. (II). Above 5000 psig, the pressure dependence increases sharply and obeys the expression... 

Equation (9.73) can be used to explain the burning behavior with respect to the roles of flame radiation and convection. It can also explain the effects of oxygen and the addition of external radiant heat flux. These effects are vividly shown by the correlation offered from data of Tew arson and Pion [18] of irradiated horizontal small square sheets of burning PMMA in flows of varying oxygen mole fractions. The set of results for steady burning are described by a linear correlation in q" and Xq2 for L= 1.62 kJ/g in Figure 9.16. This follows from Equation (9.73) ... 

The burning of wood and charring materials are not steady, as we have portrayed in our theory up to now. Figure 9.4 shows such burning behavior in which... 

A number of parameters related to burning behavior can be experimentally measured and used to report the "reactivity" or performance of a particular high-energy mixture [2] ... 

Substantial variation in burning behavior from batch to batch. The better black powder factories produced good powder if they paid close attention to the purity of their... 

Burning behavior can therefore be summarized in two words homogeneity and confinement. An increase in either should lead to an increase in burning rate for most high-energy mixtures. Note, however, that "gasless" compositions do not show the dramatic confinement effects found for "gassy" compositions. 

Spalding (89) has developed a theory for the burning behavior of homogeneous propellants. Although his theory obviously is not applicable... 

Low pressure burning behavior gives information concerning the detailed structure of the flame zone. It is known that the fuel-oxidant reaction zone becomes very weak at very low pressures. Thus, the nature of any remaining exothermic reactions occurring at or near the propellant surface is more obvious in the over-all propellant burning behavior. Burning rates and extinction behavior have been measured for a number of propellant systems and are reported below. These results are then interpreted in terms of the theoretical predictions made previously. 

Burning behavior -ofpolysulfone [POLYMERS CONTAINING SULFUR - POLYSULFONES] (Vol 19)... 

Burning behavior of some cellulose ester film... 

Similar to unsaturated polyesters, they are copolymerized with diluents such as styrene using similar free-radical initiators. They differ from polyesters in that the unsaturation is at the end of the molecule and not along the polymer chains. Their burning behavior falls between that of polyester and epoxy resins (LOI = 20-23 vol%, Table 2.4). 

T.R. Hull, D. Price, Y. Liu, C.L. Wills, and J. Brady, An investigation into the decomposition and burning behavior of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposite materials. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 82, 365-371 (2003). 

Kandola, B. K., Smart, G., Horrocks, A. R., Joseph, P., Zhang, S., Hull, T. R., Ebdon, J., Hunt, B., and Cook, A., Effect of different compatibilisers on nanoclay dispersion, thermal stability, and burning behavior of polypropylene-nanoclay blends, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2008, 108, 816-824. 

It was shown that the clay dispersion was improved with increasing compatibilizing agent, but at the expense of the polymer processability into filaments. Nevertheless, there was no evidence of intercalation or exfoliation, irrespective of the nature of compatibilizer or clay modifier, nor strong improvements of LOI. Despite the absence of formation of true nanocomposites, filaments were sufficiently strong to be knitted into fabrics and presented slower burning behavior than the pure polymer. 

Static smoke chamber methods have major limitations in terms of being indicative of the fire hazard due to smoke toxicity of products and materials in actual fires. As combustion products accumulate in the chamber during a test, the burning behavior of the test specimen may have a significant effect on the level of vitiation (oxygen concentration) and temperature rise in the chamber. 

Often it is very difficult to determine the burning behavior of complex objects on the basis of the performance of its individual components in bench-scale reaction-to-fire tests. It is much more practical to measure the heat release rate and related properties for the complete object. This requires a large-scale test. In other cases, it is not possible to capture certain aspects of real fire behavior such as melting, delamination, joint effects, etc., in a bench-scale test. A large-scale test is needed to assess these effects. Two commonly used large-scale reaction-to-fire tests are test methods are discussed as follows. 

It is very hard to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture on the basis of the fire characteristics of the foam, fabric, and framing materials and to account for the geometry and configuration of the furniture and how it is ignited. It is much easier to test the entire furniture item. The calorimeter described in the section was developed for this purpose. 

ISO 4589-2 Plastics—Determination of Burning Behavior by Oxygen Index—Part 2 Ambient-Temperature Test. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 

During the cone calorimeter experiment, the main result of heat release, especially HRR8187 and THR, is determined by oxygen consumption calorimetry.88 89 In due course, different types of typical burning behavior give rise to characteristic curves of HRR. Some are illustrated schematically in Figure 15.6 81... 

---