Soy beans

Stigmasterol from soy bean extracts can be selectively ozonolyzed on the side-chain double bond. The 20-formyl group formed is converted to the enamine with piperidine. This can be oxidized to progesterone. 

Since about 1968, triple superphosphate has been far outdistanced by diammonium phosphate as the principal phosphate fertilizer, both in the United States and worldwide. However, production of triple superphosphate is expected to persist at a moderate level for two reasons (/) at the location of a phosphoric acid—diammonium phosphate complex, production of triple superphosphate is a convenient way of using sludge acid that is too impure for diammonium phosphate production and (2) the absence of nitrogen in triple superphosphate makes it the preferred source of phosphoms for the no-nitrogen bulk-blend fertilizers that frequendy are prescribed for leguminous crops such as soy beans, alfalfa, and clover. 

Industrial lecithins from a variety of sources ate utilized (Tables 2 and 3). The main sources include vegetable oils (eg, soy bean, cottonseed, corn, sunflower, tapeseed) and animal tissues (egg and bovine brain). However, egg lecithin and in particular soy lecithin (Table 4) ate by fat the most important in terms of quantities produced. So much so that the term soy lecithin and commercial lecithin ate often used synonymously. 

Currently available proteins are all deficient to greater or lesser extent in one or more of the essential amino acids. The recently advanced plastein reaction (229) has made it possible to use protein itself as substrate and to attach amino acid esters to the protein with high efficiency. By this method, soy bean protein (which is deficient in methionine) has been improved to the extent of having covalently attached L-methionine at 11%. 

Amylase occurs in many plants, such as barley, wheat, rye, soy beans, and potatoes, where it is generally accompanied by some a-amylase. [ -Amylase initiates hydrolysis at the nonreducing end of an amylose or amylopectin chain, and removes maltose units successively until the reducing end of the molecule is encountered in amylose or a branch is met in amylopectin. ( -Amylase is used commercially in the preparation of maltose symps. After P-amylase hydrolysis of amylopectin there remains a P-amylase limit dextrin. ( -Amylase has been used as a probe of the fine stmcture of amylopectin (43-46). 

Soja, /. soy (the sauce) soybean, -bohne, /. soybean, soja bean, bobnendh n. soy(bean) oil. -kuchen, m. soy(bean) cake, -dl, n. soy-(bean) oil. 

The objective of the project described is to obtain insight in the relation between the chemical fine-structure of polysaccharides from soy bean cell walls and their functional properties in industrial products and how they effect processing. Soy meal is of great importance in the feed industry. The application of the (modified) soy bean cell wall polysaccharides as a food additive will be investigated. The obtained knowledge of the polysaccharide structures will also be used in studies concerned with the improvement of the in vivo digestibility of these polysaccharides. 

The Water Unextractable Solids were isolated from dehulled, defatted, untoasted soy bean meal (particle size < 0.5 mm) by removal of cold water solubles, proteins and starch. The soy bean meal was extracted with cold water, a solution containing sodium dodecylsulphate and 1,4-dithiothreitol, and incubated with a-amylase, to yield the CWS, SDSS and HWS... 

NSP content of soy bean meal and HWS was determined by the method of Englyst and Cummings [5]. The starch was enzymatically hydrolysed, the residue was dried and the sugar composition was determined. 

The yield and the composition of the fractions from soy bean meal obtmned with isolating WUS is shown in Table 1. The removal of cold water solubles, proteins and starch from soy meal was successful. The larger part of the material appeared in CWS, 59.1%. UFF contained mainly oligosaccharides and some water soluble proteins and UFR contained mainly water soluble proteins. The solution of SDSS and DTT extracted the residual proteins from the soy meal and the extract consisted for over 80% of proteins. Since the yield of the HWS fraction is only 0.4%, the composition is not discussed here. The remaining WUS contained 90% of NSP and the yield was 15.7%, which indicates that from the polysaccharides present in soy meal 92% was recovered in the WUS. By isolating WUS a fraction is obtained in which almost all cell wall polysaccharides are recovered and which contained only little other components. 

Table 1. Yield and composition of fractions from soy bean meal as percentage dry weight.

Nutritional considerations Contains soy bean oil, egg lecithin, and glycerol. Provides 1.1 kcal/mL of emulsion may need to adjust nutritional regimen. One formulation contains EDTA. Prolonged therapy with the EDTA-containing product may decrease serum zinc levels. May need to monitor serum zinc levels and supplement. 

Endo, B.Y. (1993) Ultrastructure of subventral gland secretory granules in parasitic juveniles of the soy bean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 60, 22-34. 

Mn oats, rye, wheat, rice, maize, peas, soy beans potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tea, sugar-cane, pineapples, pecan, peaches, spinach, citrus, a number of forest trees South Australia, Indian, Syria, Pakistan, North China Plain, North West China... 

Manganese deficiency occurs principally in soils with a high pH or calcareous soils since Mn in these soils is mostly present in insoluble oxides. Manganese deficiency has been found for more than 20 crops including oats, rye, wheat, rice, maize, peas, soy beans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, tea, sugar-cane, pineapples, pecans, peaches, spinach, citrus, and a number of forest trees (Table 7.8) (Sillanpaa, 1982). The critical DTPA-extractable Mn for Mn deficiency has been suggested to be 1.6-3.9 mg/kg, and soils with up to 5.2-6.5 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Mn has been considered to indicate susceptibility (Sillanpaa, 1982). 

Soy beans are another crop that will not grow in Europe. The soy bean is used as a source of both protein and vegetable oil. Enzyme active soy flour has been used in bread since the 1930s. The flour contains a lipoxygenase system that assists with the development of the dough and slightly bleaches the bread. Soy flour is classed as an ingredient rather than an additive. 

The enzymes present in soy bean flour are not desirable in all products because they interact with the fat phase and can cause beany off-flavours. Enzyme inactive soy flour is made for these products. 

Soy bean oil is suitable for use in frying or as a salad oil. It is also a popular starting point for making margarine. 

Sources of Lecithin. The main commercial source of lecithin is the soy bean. Lecithins are also produced from sunflower, rapeseed, maize and in small quantities peanuts. It can be produced from egg yolk but this is not commercially competitive. In the future it might be possible to produce lecithins from microorganisms. 

Employing any method compare the effect of using the same weight of a vegetable oil such as rape or soy bean oil compared with a control sample made with a hard fat. In this experiment it would be worth comparing the shelf life of the control and the sample. 

Brecke, B.J., W.L. Cuney, and D.H. Teem. 1981. Atrazine persistence in a com-soy bean doublecropping system. Agron. Jour. 73 534-537. 

Such acid and calcium excretion may be important in development of osteoporosis. To test diets of meat and vegetable protein upon urinary acid and calcium, nine human adults, aged 22 to 69 years, were fed isonitrogenous diets of chicken or soy beans in seven-day feeding periods. Diets provided daily ... 

We were desirous of determining whether animal protein, so abundant in the American diet, and a vegetable like soy bean, might yield different results in terms of urinary acid and calcium loss, even if fed at isonitrogenous levels. Soy beans were chosen for this study since the sulfur content of the cooked soybeans was similar to that of meat. 

The experimental diets were similar except for chicken and soy beans. A batch of the latter was generously provided by Dr. M. Teel of the Agronomy Department of the University. These beans were a strain that when cooked, could be eaten in fairly large amounts without any discomfort. To minimize dietary variation during the study, similar foods were served each day except for the chicken and soy beans. The chicken was secured from the University commissary in a large lot which was sufficient to last throughout the study. All foods were acceptable to the subjects who had no complaints about their taste. 

Compared with the TTA during the prediet period, the soy bean diet resulted in an increase by day 2, with the same value for TTA on day 5. Thereafter, there was a slight decrease on day 7. The TTA values for day 2 ranged from 12.7 to 44.6 mEq/d. Why there should be this 3.5-fold spread in the excretion of titratable acid for subjects consuming the same diet is unknown. 

Figure 1. Effect of soy bean and meat diets on average urinary total titratable acidity (TTA) and calcium. Upper two curves represent TTA lower two curves, urinary calcium. Bars indicate...

When baked chicken replaced soy bean, the TTA values increased about 407o above the baseline value. In only three of the nine subjects did the TTA values decrease by the fifth day. In six of the nine, TTA values continued to increase even on the seventh day of the diet. Values ranged from 15.0 to 53.3 mEq/d on day two in contrast to the soy data. Although no significant sex-specific, or age-specific response could be detected, the maximum response of older subjects occurred on day five, whereas younger ones had peaked somewhat earlier, on day two. 

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