Maximum net response

The voltammograms were calculated by assuming that no metal atoms were initially present in the film. The response depends on the dimensionless film thickness A = Z(//D) /, where L is the real film thickness [40]. Figure 2.23a shows that the dimensionless net response is the highest if A = 1. This condition is satisfied if, for instance, D = 9 x 10 cm /s, / = 100 Hz and L = 3 pm, which is rather thick film. In trace analysis the films are usually much thiimer than a micrometer [41]. The maximum net response appears if the film thickness is approximately equal to... 

The spht net response may also appear if square-wave voltammogram of irreversible electrode reaction (1.1) is recorded starting from low potential, at which the reduction is diffusion controlled [22,23]. This is shown in Fig. 2.16b. If the starting potential is 0.3 V vs. E, a single net peak appears and the backward component of the response does not indicate the re-oxidation of the product (see Fig. 2.16a). If the reverse scan is applied (i st = —0.8 V, Fig. 2.16b), the forward, mainly oxidative component is in maximum at 0.190 V, while the backward, partly reductive... 

Figure II.3.7b-d shows the changes in the cathodic and anodic components of the net response in the range of the quasi-reversible maximum. These currents are very sensitive to a change in frequency and allowed the evaluation of kinetic parameters of azobenzene [91], cytochrome c [92], and Cu(II)-oxine complexes [103] by fitting experimental data with theoretical curves. In addition, a theory of a two-step surface reaction was developed and applied to the kinetics of the reduction of adsorbed 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene [104].

DEET-treated net jackets also provide good protection, but an additional appHcation of 10—25% solutions of repellent to the unprotected face is necessary for maximum protection. Clothing treated with permethrin [52645-53-1] (9) does not provide the protection expected against these insects. Because sandfly behavior and resistance to quick knockdown are responsible for the numbers of bites recorded, maximum protection from bites thus requires appHcation of DEET or another suitable repellent to the exposed skin when wearing permethrin-treated clothing (35). 

There is a wide range of conversion levels. The term maximum conversion type has no precise definition but is often used to describe a level of conversion, where there is no net fuel oil manufactured. A fuel products refinery with specialities may manufacture lubricating oils, asphalts, greases, solvents, waxes and chemical feed stocks in addition to the primary fuel products. The number and diversity of products will naturally vary from one refinery to another. Refineries produce chemical feed stocks for sale to the chemical affiliates and do not have responsibility for the manufacture of chemical products directly. Both operations may be carried out at the same physical location but the corporate product responsibilities are usually separate. 

The application of (2.17)-(2.20) is shown in Fig. 2.18. The response depends on the sphericity parameter p = VD/rov7 [27]. Under the influence of increasing parameter p, the minimum of the forward component and the maximum of the backward component gradually vanish and both components acquire the form of a polarographic wave. At potentials much lower than the half-wave potential, both currents tend to the limiting value which is equal to —p. The net peak potential is equal to the reversible half-wave potential and independent of the sphericity parameter, but the dimensionless net peak current is a linear function of the parameter p. If n sw = 50 mV and uAE = -5 mV, this relationship is ... 

---