Values baseline

Although most companies use only revenue and expense figures when comparing investment projects, income-tax effects can enter into each calculation if either revenues or expenses change from the baseline values. More expenses mean lower profits and fewer taxes, and vice versa. If a company needs to know the effect of income taxes on profit, the computations are simple and can be done during or after... 

In 1990, U.S. gasoline contained about 10 vol% olefins, the majority of which emanate from FCC gasoUne. FCC gasoline has 25 vol% to 35 vol% olefins. Of these olefins, Cg-C olefins account for about 85% of the total pool. For non-RFG gasoline, as with sulfur, the regulation allows the maximum olefin content to be 125% of the 1990 baseline values. 

Electrochemical noise. Fluctuations in potential or current from baseline values during electrochemical measurements are particularly prominent during active/passive transitions. This so-called electrochemical noise is of particular value in monitoring localised corrosion, i.e. pitting, crevice and deposit corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking . 

The blood pressure and pulse rate must be obtained immediately before each administration of an antihypertensive drug and compared with previous readings. If the blood pressure is significantly decreased from baseline values the nurse should not give the drug but should notify the primary health care provider. In addition, the primary health care provider must be notified if there isa significant increase in the blood pressure. 

Data of Badder and Brooks (24). Figure 7 shows the comparisons of EPM with the experimental data obtained by Badder and Brooks (2A) in a CSTR (run C-24). The reactor feed contained 22.8% styrene, 0.64% emulsifier (sodium dodecylsulfate), and 0.39% initiator (ammonium persulfate). The residence time was 114 min. The initial reactor charge was water and emulsifier. In this case the size of the primary precursors was varied slightly from its baseline value of 1 nm to 0.8 nm. Although the experimental data show some scatter, EPM reproduces very well both the transient and steady state... 

Convert to oral warfarin pharmacotherapy once the platelet count has returned to baseline values (preferably >100-150 x 109/L). Continue for at least 30 d in patients without evidence of thrombosis (optimal duration is not known but one author recommends at least 2-3 mo of warfarin Blood, 2003). Continue for at least 6 mo in patients with evidence... 

Successful treatment of hypovolemic shock is measured by the restoration of blood pressure to baseline values and reversal of associated organ dysfunction. The likelihood of a successful fluid resuscitation will be directly related to the expediency of treatment. Therapy goals include ... 

Monitor the following serial laboratories for comparison to baseline values every 6 hours in the first 24 hours and daily thereafter until normalized sodium, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum lactate, glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, arterial blood gases, and pH. 

Several studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women. One study evaluated the use of alendronate over a 10-year period and found no difference in adverse effects between women who received alendronate for 10 years and women who discontinued alendronate after 5 years. Women who discontinued alendronate after 5 years continued to experience sustained increases in bone mineral density compared with baseline values and a reduction... 

Baseline is a common clinical concept. You might hear your physician say, Let s get a baseline cholesterol reading for you. The idea behind a baseline measurement is to determine the state of a patient before some expected event so that a subsequent comparison to that state can be made. For instance, you and your physician may want to get a baseline cholesterol reading early in life, as cholesterol typically increases with age. In clinical trials, you want to obtain a baseline measurement before a medical intervention to see what kind of effect the intervention had. Usually, the baseline value is the last reading prior to medical intervention. The following figure illustrates this concept for cholesterol measurements ... 

The underlined values in the sample data fit the definition of baseline. You can see how the last non-missing value should be carried forward. The following SAS code selects those proper baseline values. 

IF LAB VALUE IS WITHIN 5 DAYS OF DOSING, RETAIN IT AS A VALID BASELINE VALUE. ... 

This DATA step uses ARRAYS, RETAINS of the newly created baseline values, and a final subsetting IF to keep the proper baseline cholesterol variables. 

DETERMINE BASELINE OR CALCULATE CHANGES. if visit = 0 then baseline = value else if visit > 0 then do ... 

NOTE 1 observation(s) outside the axis range for the baseline value = trt request."... 

In clinical trial analyses you may want to test the mean for a single population to determine if that value differs from a hypothesized value. For example, let s say that you have the lab test value LDL and you want to know if the change-from-baseline value is significantly different from zero. There are several ways to perform this test in SAS. If you assume the change from baseline for LDL, ldl change, is normally distributed, you can run a one-sample t-test in SAS like this ... 

J DeLong, MM Civan. (1983). Microelectrode study of K+ accumulation by tight epithelia. I. Baseline values of split frog skin and toad urinary bladder. J Membr Biol 72 183-193. 

In 1982-1983, the baseline value for daily intake of lead by inhalation in a nonurban environment was estimated to be 0.5 pg/day for a 2-year-old child. The baseline value was based on an average atmospheric lead concentration of 0.1 pg/m3 and an indoor/outdoor lead concentration ratio of 0.5. In an urban environment, the indoor/outdoor ratio was assumed to be approximately 0.8 (EPA 1986a). Drastic reductions in the lead content of gasoline since 1986 have resulted in a 64% decrease in lead emissions to the atmosphere (see Section 5.4.1). 

Figure 7.10 shows that in case of a large number of baseline values relative small differences between the baseline average and the critical value results. 

To date, three pharmaceutical companies have entered clinical trials with PHD inhibitors for the treatment of anemia with the most advanced being FG-2216. In clinical studies, compound 2 (likely FG-2216) showed a dose- and time-dependent elevation of plasma erythropoietin after oral administration [66]. Healthy volunteers were orally administered various doses of compound 2 and serum erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations were measured at various times. Compound 2 increased serum EPO levels in a dose-dependent manner and, following administration of the 20 mg/kg dose, a 5-fold increase of EPO levels was observed after 12 h. In the same patent application, the effect of 2 on anemic predialysis patients with no previous rh-EPO exposure was also disclosed. Patients were treated with 2 three times/week for 4 weeks (no dose reported) and the hemoglobin levels were assessed on day 42. The patients who received treatment showed a mean increase in hemoglobin of 1.9 g/dL from baseline values, whereas subjects who received placebo showed a mean decrease of 0.35 g/dL from baseline levels. These data suggest for the first time that an oral PHD inhibitor could be effective for the treatment of anemia. 

An active flux maintenance procedure was initiated at this point (about 330 h TOS), beginning with a 2 s back-flush of clean permeate through the filter membrane. This active flux maintenance cycle was continued every 30 min for just over 24 h. The flux initially recovered to 0.90 lpm/m2 (32.0 GPD/ft2), but declined again within 24 h to a baseline value of 0.76 lpm/m2 (26.7 GPD/ft2) without clean permeate back-flush. The flux maintenance method was then returned to passive (no back-flush with clean permeate) mode, only increasing the flux off-time to 60 s every 30 min. Thereafter, the flux steadily declined over the next 120 h TOS from 0.77 to 0.58 lpm/m2 (27.3 to 20.4 GPD/ft2). At 480 h TOS, a 1 h flux off-cycle was attempted, resulting in an increase of the flux back to 0.82 lpm/m2 (29.1 GPD/ ft2), a 42.6% increase. When the flux off-cycle was returned to the 60 s off-cycle for the next 48 h, it was found that the permeate flux decreased to 0.62 lpm/m2 (21.9 GPD/ft2). Applying another 1 h flux off-cycle returned the flux to 0.721pm/... 

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