Sludge, acid

The reaction is mn for several hours at temperatures typically below 100°C under a pressure of carbon monoxide to minimise formamide decomposition (73). Conversions of a-hydroxyisobutyramide are near 65% with selectivities to methyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate and formamide in excess of 99%. It is this step that is responsible for the elimination of the acid sludge stream characteristic of the conventional H2SO4—ACH processes. Because methyl formate, and not methanol, is used as the methylating agent, formamide is the co-product instead of ammonium sulfate. Formamide can be dehydrated to recover HCN for recycle to ACH generation. 

Acid sludge storage and shipping Spent caustic handling Doctor treating... 

Hydrofining has all the advantages of acid treating without the disadvantages. For example, acid treating does not readily remove refractory sulfur compounds such as thiophene the treated products must be rerun to remove polymers with a consequent yield loss and disposal of the acid sludges is a serious problem. 

Saure, /. acid sourness, acidity, -abfall, m. acid sludge, -amid, n. acid amide, -angriff,... 

Ni-Si recovery of HP Processes involving cone. H2SO4 processes. Sulphur stripping columns. Distillation columns containing acidic chlorides. Handling acid sludges processes impellers, propeller shafts, fasteners. Demisters in desalination plants refrigerating brines. Salt production. Evaporators steel... 

This plant produces 130 m2/h of enameled steel and operates 3500 h/yr. It uses 0.0036 m3 water/m2 of product to coat the steel. Average process water flow is 0.144 m3/h for coating operations and 0.734 m3/h for metal preparation. The primary treatment in-place for process wastewater is clarification and settling. Other water treatment practices employed are pH adjustment with lime or acid, sludge applied to landfill, polyelectrolyte coagulation, and inorganic coagulation. 

Acid Red 42, Acid Sludge collected Average removal efficiency for acid [180]... 

The contactor finds extensive use where high performance phase separation and countercurrent extraction or washing in the one unit are required. Particularly important applications are the removal of acid sludges from hydrocarbons, shown in Figure 13.40, hydrogen peroxide extraction, sulphonate soap and antibiotics extraction, the extraction of rare earths such as uranium and vanadium from leach liquors, and the washing of refined edible oils. 

The sulfuric acid sludge from sulfuric acid treatment is used frequently as a source (through thermal decomposition) to produce sulfur dioxide (SO2, which is returned to the sulfuric acid plant) and sludge acid coke. The coke, in the form of small pellets, is nsed as a snbstitute for charcoal in the manufacture of carbon disulfide. Sulfuric acid coke is different from other petrolenm coke in that it is pyrophoric in air and also reacts directly with snlfnr vapor to form carbon disulfide. 

Acid sludge the residue left after treating petroleum oil with sulfuric acid for the removal of impurities a black, viscous substance containing the spent acid and impurities. 

Black acid(s) a mixture of the sulfonates fonnd in acid sludge which are insoluble in naphtha, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride very soluble in water but insoluble in 30% sulfuric acid in the dry, oil-free state, sodinm soaps are black powders. 

Brown acid oil-soluble petroleum sulfonates found in acid sludge that can be recovered by extraction with naphtha solvent. Brown-acid sulfonates are somewhat similar to mahogany sulfonates but are more water soluble. In the dry, oil-free state, the sodium soaps are light-colored powders. 

The corrosiveness of foul waters, hydrocarbons over 230°C (450°F), acids, and acid sludges may vary widely. Material recommendations should be obtained for each service. The material class indicated above will be satisfactory for many of these services, but must be verified. 

These improvements, however, did not prevent degradation of a considerable portion of the oil to an acid sludge which is of little value. Furthermore, the process is not applicable to certain types of oils which contain some resins and very small amounts of asphalt. 

The settling of the acid sludge in the presence of propane is said to be sufficiently complete to allow neutralization with a small amount of fine-meshed clay, which is introduced into the acid oil-propane solution and passes with the oil through the propane recovery unit. The clay is removed from the oil by conventional filtration to produce a finished bright stock with a good color (48). 

Fines from petroleum coke are too small to use alone for domestic heating. But petroleum coke fines have been briqueted successfully, and the briquets used as domestic fuel (21, 88). In one instance, briquets made with 5 to 10% of refinery acid sludge as the binder were roasted to 1100° F. The resulting briquets were clean, hard, strong, and smokeless and could be stored or shipped in any weather. Uncalcined briquets tend to soften and deform in hot weather (16). 

Acid sludge Cone and flat-flame type burners, steam-atomized 10-15... 

Liver the intermediate layer of dark-colored, oily material, insoluble in weak acid and in oil, which is formed when acid sludge is hydrolyzed. 

In certain reactions, such as the isomerization of butane and the alkylation of isoparaffins, problems of handling hydrogen chloride and acidic sludge are encountered. The corrosive action of the aluminum chloride-hydrocarbon complex, particularly at 70 to 100°C, has long been recognized and various reactor liners have been found satisfactory. 

Waste sulfuric acid sludges from petroleum refineries are disposed of by conversion to S02 for production of fresh sulfuric acid. The heavy organic components of the sludges can be decomposed thermally at 800-1300°C (Lurgi, Monsanto Enviro-Chem) or reduc-tively at 200-600°C with coal in a rotary kiln (Chemico). Thermal decomposition is accom-... 

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