Deficiency manganese

Nitrogen is normally supplied as an ammonium compound in dtric acid fermentations and suffident has to be supplied to enable the effect of manganese deficiency (increased levels of ammonium in the metabolic pool) to occur. Remember that increased metabolic pool ammonium has the effect of releasing the allosteric controls exerted on phosphofructokinase. 

G. W. Deeper, Relationship of soils to manganese deficiency of plants. Nature 134 912 (1934). 

Manganese deficiency occurs principally in soils with a high pH or calcareous soils since Mn in these soils is mostly present in insoluble oxides. Manganese deficiency has been found for more than 20 crops including oats, rye, wheat, rice, maize, peas, soy beans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, tea, sugar-cane, pineapples, pecans, peaches, spinach, citrus, and a number of forest trees (Table 7.8) (Sillanpaa, 1982). The critical DTPA-extractable Mn for Mn deficiency has been suggested to be 1.6-3.9 mg/kg, and soils with up to 5.2-6.5 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Mn has been considered to indicate susceptibility (Sillanpaa, 1982). 

Manganese deficiency has been reported to occur on the coast calcareous soils of South Australia. Manganese deficiency may also occur in the soils of India, Syria, and Pakistan (Table 7.8). In China,... 

Moraghan J.T.. Manganese deficiency in soybeans as affected by FeEDDHA and low soil temperature. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1985b 49 1584-1586. 

I Manganese deficiency (on potato leaves), common in, poorly drained soil. 

Manganese is an essential element for plants and animals. Its shortage in soil can cause chlorosis or lack of chlorophyll in plants—manifested by the appearance of yellow or grey streaks on the leaves or mottling. It activates certain plant enzymes, such as oxalosuccinic decacarboxylase in the oxidation of carbohydrates. Manganese deficiency can cause deformity of bones in animals. 

Cationic antagonisms induced by trace elements excesses have been demonstrated in plants as well as animals. Excesses of either manganese or iron in soil have resulted in deficiencies of the other in soybeans (152). Likewise, excess soil concentration of copper has resulted in manganese deficiency in crops (153). Plants, like animals, also demonstrate chromosomal aberrations (particularly to aluminum and cadmium) (15) as well as enzymatic alterations in response to excess exposure (16). 

Although established as an essential trace element, manganese is less well understood than many of the oilier Irace elements. The evidence for its essentiality rests extensively on the consequences of limiting or curtailing the supply of the clement of various organisms. Manganese deficiency has induced in most organisms studied u diminished life expectancy. The element is associated with reproductive processes. 

In poultry, manganese deficiency causes a different clinical picture when it affects the egg than when it affects the hatched bird In the case of the egg, the embryo become swollen and deformed, and their skeletons become defective and fragile [ chondrodystrophy"). Adult birds develop perosis (slipped tendon) which is an enlargement and malfunction of the libiiil metatarsal joint, followed hy slipping of the Achilles tendon from the condyles. The bone deformities seen in poultry also can be induced in mammals. 

Manganese deficiency also results in the birth of "crooked calves" that are bom with enlarged joints, stiffness, and twisted legs. 

In animals, manganese deficiency results in wide-ranging disorders, e.g,. impaired growth, abnormal skeletal structure, disturbances of reproduction, and defective lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Although overt manganese deficiency has nol been induced in humans, some forms of epilepsy... 

Manganese deficiency has been reported only in association with chemically defined manganese-deficient oral diets. The symptoms include nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, color changes in hair, hypocholesterolemia, and growth retardation. 

Golub MS, Han B, Keen CL, et al. 1992b. Effects of dietary aluminum excess and manganese deficiency on neurobehavioral endpoints in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 112 154-160. 

Simpson, D.J. and Robinson S.P. 1984. Freeze-fracture ultrastructure of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts from manganese-deficient plants. Plant Physiol. 74, 735-741. 

Manganese deficiency symptoms in animals affect three systems - bone, reproductive and brain (6,24). Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, depressed reproductive function and ataxia in newborn appear to be similar manganese symptoms in all species studied. 

The single reported case of frank manganese deficiency in humans arose unintentionally in an adult male participating in a vitamin K deficiency study (23). Inadvertently manganese was omitted from the purified diet mixture. The signs and symptoms of weight loss,... 

Because of the blood lowering cholesterol effects of a manganese deficiency, involvement of manganese in lipid metabolism has been a topic of research interest as reviewed by Johnson and Kies in this volume. 

TABLE I. Reported Cases of Suspected Human Manganese Deficiency... 

Influence of Manganese Deficiency on Response to Free Radical Inducers... 

Manganese deficiency results in a wide variety of structural, physiological and biochemical defects, for it has been implicated in a number of metabolic and enzymatic processes (5-15). Hurley has summarized the evidence that manganese is essential for normal prenatal and neonatal development, with deficiency resulting in a variety of congenital malformations (16). 

Two conclusions which could have practical importance may be derived so far 1) in combating neonatal iron deficiency, by increasing simultaneously iron and manganese content in milk it might be possible to diminish the risk of manganese deficiency and 2) milk does not seem to be the best means of additional nutrition in exposure to manganese. 

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