Soviets

From The Soviet Journal of Non-destruetive Testing)), English translation of... 

INTAS (coperation with scientists from former Soviet States)... 

The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. 

New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatauium and symbol Ku for element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960), former Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. 

In 1967 G.N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260-105 and 261-105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. The evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. 

Furfural reacts with ketones to form strong, crosslinked resins of technical interest in the former Soviet Union the U.S. Air Force has also shown some interest (42,43). The so-called furfurylidene acetone monomer, a mixture of 2-furfurylidene methyl ketone [623-15-4] (1 )> bis-(2-furfurylidene) ketone [886-77-1] (14), mesityl oxide, and other oligomers, is obtained by condensation of furfural and acetone under basic conditions (44,45). Treatment of the "monomer" with an acidic catalyst leads initially to polymer of low molecular weight and ultimately to cross-linked, black, insoluble, heat-resistant resin (46). 

Furfural—acetone resins have been used to form resin-aggregate mixtures referred to as organic concretes. Despite the reportedly excellent properties, there has been virtually no commercial use of such resins outside the former Soviet Union. The stmctures and polymerization mechanisms of these furfural—aldehyde—ketone polymers are discussed in a review (6). 

The top five wheat producing countries are the former Soviet Union, the People s RepubHc of China, the United States, India, and Canada. Of these five countries, only the United States and Canada grow more wheat than they use and export to other countries. The other three nations are large wheat importers. Some of the top wheat customers of the United States have been China, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and Bra2il. 

Copper acetate, ferrous acetate, silver acetate [563-63-3] basic aluminum acetate, nickel acetate [373-02-4] cobalt acetate, and other acetate salts have been reported to furnish anhydride when heated. In principle, these acetates could be obtained from low concentration acetic acid. CompHcations of soHds processing and the scarcity of knowledge about these thermolyses make industrial development of this process expensive. In the eady 1930s, Soviet investigators discovered the reaction of dinitrogen tetroxide [10544-72-6] and sodium acetate [127-09-3] to form anhydride ... 

Acetyl chlotide was formerly manufactured by the action of thionyl chlotide [7719-09-7], CI2OS, on gray acetate of lime, but this route has been largely supplanted by the reaction of sodium acetate or acetic acid and phosphoms ttichlotide [7719-12-2] (24). A similar route apparently is stiU being used in the Soviet Union (25). Both pathways ate inherently costly. 

Direct Application Rock. Finely ground phosphate rock has had limited use as a direct-appHcation fertilizer for many years. There have been widely varying results. Direct appHcation of phosphate rock worldwide amounts to about 8% of total fertilizer phosphate used, primarily in the former Soviet Union, France, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The agronomic effectiveness of an apatitic rock depends not only on the fineness of the grind but also strongly on the innate reactivity of the rock and the acidity of the sod performance is better on more acid sods. Probably more than half of the potentially productive tropical sods are acidic, some with pH as low as 3.5—4.5. Certain phosphate rocks may thus become increasingly important as fertilizer in those areas. The International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle Shoals, Alabama is active in researching this field (30). 

Bilhons of metric tons of phosphate rock also are present offshore in the oceans, eg, best estimates are that a biUion tons of pellets that may contain about 30% P2 5 present in a Baja California—Mexico deposit alone. Other areas in the world that contain large, unevaluated amounts of phosphate include AustraUa, Alaska, Africa, the Near East, Pern, Colombia, Brazil, the People s RepubHc of China, MongoHa, and the former Soviet Union. 

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. 

Dew retting iuvolves the action of dew, sun, and fungi on the plants spread thinly on the ground. Dew retting takes 4—6 weeks, but the action is not uniform and it tends to yield a dark-colored fiber. However, it is far less labor iatensive and less expensive than water retting. It is commonly used iu regions of low water supply and accounts for 85% of the Western European crop, especially iu France, and also iu the former Soviet Union. 

Countries that use a positive Hst, eg, Japan, Switzerland, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, Hst ak substances akowable in flavor and foods any material not Hsted is not akowable. Any material included on a positive Hst is considered safe for its intended use. This system works wek only if there is a specific procedure to akow for the addition of new materials. In the United States there is the Food Additive Petition and the GRAS route. No new material can be used in flavor or foods unless it undergoes one of these two procedures. This assures that any new technology can be added and used after it is reviewed for safety. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Worldwide, large deposits of fluorspar ate found in China, Mongofla, France, Morocco, Mexico, Spain, South Africa, and countries of the former Soviet Union. The United States imports fluorspar from most of these countries (Table 1). 

Chemical Reduction. Reduction of galHum by aluminum has been developed in the former Soviet Union. This method is in operation (ca 1994). The Bayer Hquor is contacted using a gallium—aluminum alloy named GaHam, and the galHum is deposited. 

Former Soviet Union and China and bullion purchases not included. 

Alloy development in the former Soviet Union has produced alloys having strengths equivalent to IN-100 and Mar-M-200. Alloys developed in the United States and United Kingdom are also widely used in French aircraft engines. 

Eastern Europe. Production of acetylene in Eastern Europe is dominated by the capacity of states of the former Soviet Union. In 1990, production from Eastern Europe amounted to between 530,000 and 535, 000 t/yr, with 51% provided by the states of the former Soviet Union. Of the balance, Poland with 23% and Rumania with 17% are the main producers. Table 15 indicates the capacity levels of each of the countries of Eastern Europe. 

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