Soviet Union countries, former

Each year more than 30 billion barrels of crude oil are produced in the world. The average worldwide and U.S. production rates are 83 million and 5.9 million barrels per day (bpd), respectively. Saudi Arabia produced the most crude in 1999, at more than 7.5 million bpd, followed by the former Soviet Union countries, at more than 7.3 million bpd (data taken from Oil Gas J., December 18, 2000). 

Production of potash in 1994 was estimated at 21.6 million tonnes 1 0, some 0,7 million tonnes higher than 1993 (Table 5.25). This production level represents an overall capacity utilization of about 60% of the world potash mine capacity (36 million tpy). Output from the former Soviet Union countries was projected to stala-lize In 1994 however, production may still be on a downward trend. The production of FSU countries has been mainly limited by the progressive loss of domestic demand, and by lower demand in the traditional markets of central Europe. The longer production remains far... 

Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union countries developed large-scale irrigation schemes during the period of large-scale collectivisation of farms. Many of these large-scale schemes were poorly maintained and fell into disuse. The effect of exposure to more efficient production from the West and World markets has meant abandonment of... 

Use of vinyl wallpaper in offices and households has somewhat diminished in Western Europe but interestingly its uptake in Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet Union countries has substantially increased, therefore companies involved with the production of vinyl wallpaper are still very much in business and also still generating about 20,000 tonnes of post industrial vinyl wallpaper waste in the UK alone. 

The top five wheat producing countries are the former Soviet Union, the People s RepubHc of China, the United States, India, and Canada. Of these five countries, only the United States and Canada grow more wheat than they use and export to other countries. The other three nations are large wheat importers. Some of the top wheat customers of the United States have been China, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and Bra2il. 

Countries that use a positive Hst, eg, Japan, Switzerland, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, Hst ak substances akowable in flavor and foods any material not Hsted is not akowable. Any material included on a positive Hst is considered safe for its intended use. This system works wek only if there is a specific procedure to akow for the addition of new materials. In the United States there is the Food Additive Petition and the GRAS route. No new material can be used in flavor or foods unless it undergoes one of these two procedures. This assures that any new technology can be added and used after it is reviewed for safety. 

Worldwide, large deposits of fluorspar ate found in China, Mongofla, France, Morocco, Mexico, Spain, South Africa, and countries of the former Soviet Union. The United States imports fluorspar from most of these countries (Table 1). 

Eastern Europe. Production of acetylene in Eastern Europe is dominated by the capacity of states of the former Soviet Union. In 1990, production from Eastern Europe amounted to between 530,000 and 535, 000 t/yr, with 51% provided by the states of the former Soviet Union. Of the balance, Poland with 23% and Rumania with 17% are the main producers. Table 15 indicates the capacity levels of each of the countries of Eastern Europe. 

Economic Aspects. Production of indium has been reported from Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Pern, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as countries in the CIS (the former Soviet Union) (5). 

The largest share of molybdenum supply comes from North America, once the only significant source. Sizeable amounts also come from Latin America (mosdy Chile), China, and countries of the former Soviet Union. 

As shown in Table 4, the 1992 world consumption of petroleum was neatly 10.4 X 10 m /d (65.4 x 10 bbl/d) (8), which is sbghdy higher, at 3.6%, than in 1978. In most of the regions shown in Table 4, consumption and production levels are not in balance. The one exception is the group of non-OECD European countries, ie, the former Soviet Union, the former C2echoSlovakia, Hungary, Poland, and other former Eastern Bloc countries, where production was neatly in balance with consumption at about 19% above consumption in 1992. 

Includes the former Soviet Union, the former C2echoSlovakia, Hungary, Poland, and other former Eastern Bloc countries. 

Economic Aspects. CMC is the most widely used cellulose ether. Excluding the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, from which httie data are available, world consumption of cmde and purified grades totaled approximately 123,000 metric tons in 1987 (Table 2). Annual growth rate is nominal at 1—2%. The total volume in the United States declined in the 1980s from —32,000 metric tons in 1981 to —19,500 in 1987 because of decreased oil well drilling activity, an important outiet. 

Great Salt Lake, Utah, is the largest terminal lake in the United States. From its brine, salt, elemental magnesium, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate ate produced. Other well-known terminal lakes ate Qinghai Lake in China, Tu2 Golu in Turkey, the Caspian Sea and Atal skoje in the states of the former Soviet Union, and Urmia in Iran. There ate thousands of small terminal lakes spread across most countries of the world. Most of these lakes contain sodium chloride, but many contain ions of magnesium, calcium, potassium, boron, lithium, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. 

Talc, unlike Che micas, consists of electrically neutral layers without the interleaving cations. It is valued for its softness, smoothrtess and dry lubricating properties, and for its whitertess, chermcal inertness and foliated structure. Its most important abdications are in ceramics, insecticides, paints and paper manufacture. The more familiar use in cosmetics and toilet preparations accounts for only 3% of world production which is about 5 Mt per annum. Half of this comes from Japan and the USA. and other major producers are Korea, the former Soviet Union, France and China. Talc and its more massive mineral form soapstone or steatite arc widely distributed throughout the world and many countries produce it for domestic consumption either by open-cast or underground mining. 

World production of cobalt in 1995 was about 20000 tonnes, considerably below capacity. The major producing countries are Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Finland and the former Soviet Union. 

Ninety-eight per cent of the world s supply of platinum metals comes from three countries — the former Soviet Union (49%), the Republic of South Africa (43%), and Canada (6%). Because of the different proportions of Pt and Pd in their deposits, the Republic of South Africa is the major source of Pt and the former USSR of Pd. Only in the RSA (where the Bushveld complex contains over 70% of the world s reserves of the platinum metals at concentrations of 8-9 grams per tonne) are the... 

Total annual production of new gold is now about 2300 tonnes of which (1993) 27% comes from South Africa, 15% from the USA and 11% each from Australia and the former Soviet Union. The bulk of the gold from Western countries passes through the London Bullion Market which was established in 1666. Prices, which are quoted in troy oz, are affected by speculative buying and can be subject to astonishing fluctuations. 

Blowing air through the hot, crude, liquid metal oxidizes traces of metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb which form an easily removable scum. Further purification is by distillation under reduced pressure. About 4000 tonnes of mercury are used annually but only half is from primary, mine production the other half being secondary production and sales from stockpiles. The main primary producer is now Spain, but several other countries, including the former Soviet Union, China and Algeria, have capacity for production. 

The usual method for disposing of pesticides in the USSR was walling them into spent quarries and mine shafts. For example, more than 3000 tons of pesticides were walled into unfitted vertical boreholes in the Krasnodar Krai. The complete destruction of pesticides has become a large environmental problem, comparable in scale to the problem of destroying chemical weapons stocks. About 40,000 tons of unused pesticides (banned or too old to be used) had accumulated in the countries of the former Soviet Union, about half of which are located in Russia. 

For the sake of comparison, similar cells have been made containing electrochemical manganese dioxide produced by Chiaturi plant, Georgia. Just this material is employed in practically all commercial lithium power sources manufactured in the countries of the former Soviet Union. 

Some 40 countries have cleared irradiated foods of certain types for human consumption, or have given provisional clearance. Large scale ( 104 tons per year) irradiation of potatoes has been approved in Japan, and very large scale ( 105 tons per year) irradiation of grains has been reported from the former Soviet Union for insect control. However, it must be admitted that clearances with associated legal complications have come slowly in most countries, and even today there are ongoing debates regarding the ethics and economics of food irradiation. 

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