Soviet Union research

Soviet Union research began earlier, in 1928 with typhus. Following World War II, the Soviet Union expanded its research efforts after obtaining Japanese biological and chemical weapon research data (1). At its peak, the Soviet military biological research division, the Biopreparat, employed up to 55,000 microbiologists, physicians, engineers and nontechnical personnel (1,2). 

Direct Application Rock. Finely ground phosphate rock has had limited use as a direct-appHcation fertilizer for many years. There have been widely varying results. Direct appHcation of phosphate rock worldwide amounts to about 8% of total fertilizer phosphate used, primarily in the former Soviet Union, France, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The agronomic effectiveness of an apatitic rock depends not only on the fineness of the grind but also strongly on the innate reactivity of the rock and the acidity of the sod performance is better on more acid sods. Probably more than half of the potentially productive tropical sods are acidic, some with pH as low as 3.5—4.5. Certain phosphate rocks may thus become increasingly important as fertilizer in those areas. The International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle Shoals, Alabama is active in researching this field (30). 

Georgii Vyacheslavovich Kurdyumov (1902-1996) (Fig. 14.6), the son of a priest, was the most famous metallurgist of his generation in the Soviet Union, a man who was not only a great research scientist but also a man of rare human qualities. He and the many people who collaborated closely with him spent decades on a single... 

Back in the Soviet Union, he moved to the Ukraine to help, with his scientist wife, create a research institute in Dniepropetrovsk, where he continued with his researches. He was invited to be director, sought to escape from this fate (he complained that he would be a bad administrator, and that by administering he would lose contact with real science and then become unable to direct scientific work properly) but was persuaded to overcome his seruples. The rest of his long career he both administered (usually more than one institute at once) and remained a unique scientist. During the War, the institute had to move, and after the War, it was moved again, to Moscow, and Kurdyumov with it. While in Moscow, he also created a laboratory of metal physics in Kiev, Ukraine, and directed both the Moscow and the... 

Combination electrical methods Tomashov and Mikhailovsky describe a method developed in the Soviet Union. This test is essentially a combination of resistivity measurement and polarisation rates on iron electrodes in soil in situ. The usefulness and value of this procedure has not as yet been determined by practical application by corrosion engineers. The development of this combination test does, however, represent an attempt to integrate some of the complex factors controlling corrosion rates in soil. Much more research on these factors and methods of measurement should in the future enable the corrosion engineer to evaluate soil properties with respect to application of corrosion-alleviating operations. 

Research is needed to quantify and assess data sets on pools and fluxes of subfossil carbon for North America, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union where large amounts of such material exists and is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition with expected C02-induced climate change 66-69). Billings et al. 70, 71) performed fleld experiments that mimicked the changes expected to occur in the tundra as a result of climatic change. The direction of CO2 flux was reversed from a net storage of 150 g C02 m -season to a net release of 300-400 g C02 m" season . Annual liberation of as little as 1% per year of either the 300 Pg C stored in the top meter of soils above the 60° latitude band or... 

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES ARE IN THE MIDST OF MAJOR CHANGE. Historically, the research universities have been supported by the Government with two theories in mind (1) national security is important, and science and technology are critical to a strong defense and (2) human health is important. The interest in human health persists, an interest in national security persists, but the adversary has given up. The Soviet Union no longer exists. The question now is, What is the rationale for the support of universities—support in the post-Cold War era The Department of Defense, which has nurtured an important set of activities, has a role in electronics and devices, structural materials, and high-performance or advanced-performance materials. 

Kharton W, Yaremchenko AA, and Naumovich EN. Research on the electrochemistry of oxygen ion conductors in the former Soviet Union. B. Perovskite-related oxides. J. Sol. St. Electrochem. 1999 3 303-326. 

Phosgene oxime is the only member of this class. It is believed to have originated in the Soviet Union where it was a byproduct of research on insecticides for cockroaches. Exposed individuals should be decontaminated immediately and given medical attention. 

I have no doubt that reports of this type catalyzed the acceleration of our research activities. Happily, it also opened the coffers of government funds more widely. Other intelligence reports indicated that the Soviet Union was spending ten times as much as we were on the development of its chemical warfare capabilities. This fueled the sense of urgency regarding our efforts in the lab and strengthened the belief (mostly an illusion, as we learned later) that we had to go all out if we wanted to stay ahead of the Russians. As much as anything, this belief imparted a patriotic fervor to our efforts. 

Me Of course. We knew the Soviet Union was spending ten times as much as we were on chemical warfare research, so we would have been crazy not to keep up with them. 

We are in a research and development race with the Soviet Union, whether for peaceful or military purposes. Full public understanding and support of CBR efforts is needed. 

In 1958, the first SiC conference was held in Boston, Massachusetts. However, after this, the interest in SiC rapidly declined and the 1960s and 1970s are characterized by a low interest in SiC. Research was still ongoing, mainly in the former Soviet Union. In the United States, the work done by Westinghouse and the University of Pittsburgh is primarily notable. Indeed, the photoluminescence studies made by Choyke, Patrick, and Hamilton are still very relevant and often cited [21]. 

Within the former Soviet Union (FSU), bacteriophage therapy was researched and extensively applied for the treatment and prophylaxis of a wide range of bacterial infections. In the West however, it was not explored with the same enthusiasm and was eventually discarded with the arrival of antibiotics. 

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