Soviet Union FSU

Within the former Soviet Union (FSU), bacteriophage therapy was researched and extensively applied for the treatment and prophylaxis of a wide range of bacterial infections. In the West however, it was not explored with the same enthusiasm and was eventually discarded with the arrival of antibiotics. 

Worldwide, ammonia capacity grew from 119 million tonnes in 1980 to a peak of 141 million tonnes in 1989. Virtually all the growth in capacity occurred in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Asia. Between 1989 and 1995 capacity remained relatively flat, with increases in Asia being offset by closures in Europe and the FSU36. Ammonia demand grew at a rate of 3.2% per year from 1993 to 1998, but the growth rate is expected to slow to 0.5% per year from 1998 through 200237. 

Natural gas, in recent years, has become an international commodity fuel. Current world reserves of natural gas are estimated at about 5000 tcf, the equivalent of about 40 percent of world petroleum energy reserves. About 35 percent of these reserves are in remote regions of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and about 40 percent are located in the Persian Gulf countries of the Middle East. 

North America South Asia Western Europe Former Soviet Union (FSU) Other Countries Central Europe Middle East Indonesia and Japan Mexico and the Caribbean... 

World demand for nitric acid will continue to be largely dependent upon demand for solid ammonium nitrate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer solutions that incorporate ammonium nitrate. Since the 1980s urea has been replacing solid ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer. This has been partially offset by increased use of AN in explosives, polyurethane foams, and nylon 6,6. World nitric acid production declined by about 5 percent between 1987 and 1999, but it is projected to increase marginally by 2005. The major producing regions are Western Europe, the United States, the former Soviet Union (FSU), and Eastern Europe.91,104... 

First of all, we need to clarify some definitions. With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the opening up of China, there is a clear need now to look at developments in the lead and zinc industries in global terms i.e., including every country in the world. However, in looking at historic development trends, one encounters the problem of consistency and accuracy of reporting in the former communist countries, particularly the Soviet Union, as well as continuing problems in the collection and collation of data in some of these countries and in China. For this reason, we continue to make the distinction between the transitional economies, which we define as China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and the Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, and the Western World which comprises all other countries. Much of the subsequent discussion refers solely to the Western World but, where possible, we also quote global numbers and/or numbers for the transitional economies. 

The former Soviet Union (FSU) has large reserves of oil and natural gas, but adequate pipeline capacity to supply internal regions and eastern and western Europe is lacldng. Considering the pipeline construction that is already underway and the planned pipefine construction, assuming that capital is available, it is expected that this problem will be solved in the next few years. Additional pipelines from the North Sea are to bring natural gas into western Europe, which will put competitive pressure on prices in this region. 

Europe (with the subdivisions of East, West Europe, and the former Soviet Union [FSU])-... 

In the short-term a global surplus of capacities is observed however, the capacities of Central and East European countries and the former Soviet Union (FSU), which may not be operating in the future, are plai ring a substantial role in this surplus. Asia and Latin America show capacity deficits, and in the coming years, worldscale fertilizer plants should be put under construction. The overall investment costs of about US 18-22 X 10 in 5-8 years and the necessary financial instrur ment would be available because it is a small part of annual world investment. Therefore, the constraints to the implementation of investment programs in the fertilizer industry should be considered. ... 

BIOINDUSTRY INITIATIVE (BH). A U.S. program begun in 2002 intended to ensure that the biological weapon (BW) infrastructure and related technology and expertise in the nations of the former Soviet Union (FSU) are used for peaceful purposes. BE assists through funding collaborative civilian research projects that involve scientists from the FSU whose expertise was in BW or chemical weapons (CW). 

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