Muscle Shoals

WorldFertili r Market Information Services, TVA, National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Ala. 

Most of the voltage savings in the air cathode electrolyzer results from the change in the cathode reaction and a reduction in the solution ohmic drop as a result of the absence of the hydrogen bubble gas void fraction in the catholyte. The air cathode electrolyzer operates at 2.1 V at 3 kA/m or approximately 1450 d-c kW-h per ton of NaOH. The air cathode technology has been demonstrated in commercial sized equipment at Occidental Chemical s Muscle Shoals, Alabama plant. However, it is not presentiy being practiced because the technology is too expensive to commercialize at power costs of 20 to 30 mils (1 mil = 0.1 /kW). 

Direct Application Rock. Finely ground phosphate rock has had limited use as a direct-appHcation fertilizer for many years. There have been widely varying results. Direct appHcation of phosphate rock worldwide amounts to about 8% of total fertilizer phosphate used, primarily in the former Soviet Union, France, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The agronomic effectiveness of an apatitic rock depends not only on the fineness of the grind but also strongly on the innate reactivity of the rock and the acidity of the sod performance is better on more acid sods. Probably more than half of the potentially productive tropical sods are acidic, some with pH as low as 3.5—4.5. Certain phosphate rocks may thus become increasingly important as fertilizer in those areas. The International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle Shoals, Alabama is active in researching this field (30). 

Commercial Fertilisers—1990, Bulletin Y-216, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., 1991. 

A. V. Slack and G. M. Blouin, Urea Technology A. Critical Review, Tennessee Ualley Authority Circular Z-4, TVA, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Dec. 14—16,1969. 

J. R. Lehr and G. H. McCleUan, M Revised Eaboratoy Reactivity Scale forEvaluatingPhosphate rock for Direct Application, Bulletin Y-43, Tennessee VaUey Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Apr. 1972. 

H. Storen, "The Nitrophosphate Process—an Alternative Route to Phosphate Fertilizers," ia proceedings of Phosphate Eertilicyers and the Environment, International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Ala., 1992. 

W. J. Pree, B. J. Bond, and J. L. Nevins, ChangingPattems in Mgriculture and Their Effect on Fertiliser Use, Bulletin Y-106, TVA Fertilizer Conference, July 27—28, 1976, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. 

Eng 20, 470-477 (1919) (Description of ammonia oxidation process beginning with Kuhl-mann s method of 1839 and ending with the cyanamide process at Muscle Shoals) 7) C.L. Parsons, 1EC 11,541 (1919) (Oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid as well as the prepn of nitric acid from Chile saltpeter) 8) F.C. Zeis-berg, ChemMetEng 24, 443-45 (1921) (Manuf of nitric acid from Chilean saltpeter brief description) 9) G.B. Taylor, IEC 26,1217-19 (1922) (Some economic aspects of ammonia oxidation) 10) Ministry of Munitions, Manufacture of Nitric Acid from Nitre and Sulfuric Acid , London (1922) (Book No 7 of Technical Records of Explosives Supply, 1915—1919)... 

Flakt-Boliden A variation on the Citrate process for flue-gas desulfurization in which the sulfur dioxide is removed from the citrate solution by vacuum. Developed by Flakt, United States, and piloted in 1980 at the TVA Electric Power Research Institute, Muscle Shoals, AL. 

Bumb, B.L. Global Fertilizer Perspective, 1980-2000 The Challenges in Structural Transformation. International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, AL, 1995. http //www.ifdc.org/... 

Hydrolysates C-G were supplied by others as follows hydrolysates C and D from Laboratory Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University hydrolysate E from Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University hydrolysates F and G from Tennessee Valley Authority, Public Power Institute, Muscle Shoals, AL. 

Fortunately, efforts in addition to those of DOE are being implemented. The Tennessee Valley Authority is sponsoring the construction of an entrained flow gasifier to operate at elevated pressure and to provide synthesis gas to their small Ammonia Plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Ironically, this ammonia plant was originally built using coke-fed water gas sets for synthesis gas production. It was converted to use natural gas steam reforming when cheap natural gas became available. The use of coal will provide valuable data on MBG production and purification. 

Henao, J. and C. Baanante (2006) Agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in Africa.- Excerpt from Technical Bulletin Agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in Africa - Implications for resource conservation and policy development.- International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development, IFDC. Muscle Shoals, USA. 

German technology was a war prize. The war had also stimulated the U.S. chemical industry explosives to be sure, but most notably dyestuffs by Dow and Du Pont and nitrogen fixation and nitric acid manufacture by government-financed plants at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Gasoline demand for... 

Giese, A., Environmental Responsibility on the Farm—The Impact on the Fertilizer and Agriculture Industry, in Environmental Challenges of Fertilizer Production—An Examination of Progress and Pitfalls, Proceedings of an International Workshop, J. J. Schultz and E. N. Roth (Eds.), IFDC, Muscle Shoals, AL, September 17-19, 1998. 

---