South Africa Soviet Union

Non-claimant nations Belgium, Japan, South Africa, Soviet Union, and the United States of America. 

Worldwide, large deposits of fluorspar ate found in China, Mongofla, France, Morocco, Mexico, Spain, South Africa, and countries of the former Soviet Union. The United States imports fluorspar from most of these countries (Table 1). 

The wodd reserves of lead are estimated at 71 x 10 t and scattered around the wodd (1). Over one-third (25 x 10 t) of this total is located in North America where the United States has, in units of 10 t, 14 Canada, 7 Mexico, 3 and other sources, 1. South America has 2 Europe, 11 Africa, 4 and Austraha, 14 X 10 t. In Asia, the former Soviet Union has 9 and the People s RepubHc of China has 6 x 10 t. The recovery of lead from scrap is of prime importance in supplying U.S. demands so that the entire reserve base is estimated at 120 x 10 t. Total wodd resources are estimated at 1.4 x 10 t. 

Sugarcane is cultivated ia tropical and semitropical regions, eg. Central and South America, Cuba, India, AustraUa, Africa, and the Ear East. Sugarbeets are grown ia more temperate climates such as North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In some nations, eg, the United States, China, and Japan, sucrose is produced from both sources. 

Sulfides such as pentlandite, (Ni,Fe)9Ss, associated with copper, cobalt and precious metals so that the ores typically contain about lt% Ni. These are found in more temperate regions such as Canada, the former Soviet Union and South Africa. 

Ninety-eight per cent of the world s supply of platinum metals comes from three countries — the former Soviet Union (49%), the Republic of South Africa (43%), and Canada (6%). Because of the different proportions of Pt and Pd in their deposits, the Republic of South Africa is the major source of Pt and the former USSR of Pd. Only in the RSA (where the Bushveld complex contains over 70% of the world s reserves of the platinum metals at concentrations of 8-9 grams per tonne) are the... 

Total annual production of new gold is now about 2300 tonnes of which (1993) 27% comes from South Africa, 15% from the USA and 11% each from Australia and the former Soviet Union. The bulk of the gold from Western countries passes through the London Bullion Market which was established in 1666. Prices, which are quoted in troy oz, are affected by speculative buying and can be subject to astonishing fluctuations. 

For the noble metals used in oxidation, the loading is about 0.1 oz per car, with calls for a million ounces per year. The current world production rates of platinum, palladium, and rhodium are 1.9, 1.6, and 0.076 million ounces respectively the current U,S. demand for platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium are 0.52, 0.72, 0.045, and 0.017 million ounces respectively (72, 73). The supply problem would double if NO reduction requires an equal amount of noble metal. Pollution conscious Japan has adopted a set of automobile emission rules that are the same as the U.S., and Western Europe may follow this creates a demand for new car catalysts approaching the U.S. total. The bulk of world production and potential new mines are in the Soviet Union and South Africa. The importation of these metals, assuming the current price of platinum at 155/oz and palladium at 78/oz, would pose a balance of payment problem. The recovery of platinum contained in spent catalysts delivered to the door of precious metal refiners should be above 95% the value of platinum in spent catalysts is greater than the value of lead in old batteries, and should provide a sufficient incentive for scavengers. 

More than 90% of the world s nickel is obtained from pentlandite ((FeNi)9S8), a nickel-sulfitic mineral, mined underground in Canada and the former Soviet Union (Sevin 1980 IARC 1976 WHO 1991). One of the largest sulfitic nickel deposits is in Sudbury, Ontario (USPHS 1993). Nickeliferous sulfide deposits are also found in Manitoba, South Africa, the former Soviet Union, Finland, western Australia, and Minnesota (Norseth and Piscator 1979 USPHS 1993). Most of the rest of the nickel obtained is from nickel minerals such as laterite, a nickel oxide ore mined by open pit techniques in Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and the former Soviet Union (Sevin 1980). Lateritic ores are less well defined than sulfitic ores, although the nickel content (1 to 3%) of both ores is similar (USPHS 1993). Important deposits of laterite are located in New Caledonia, Indonesia, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Brazil, and especially Cuba, which holds 35% of the known reserves (USPHS 1993). Nickel-rich nodules are found on the ocean floor, and nickel is also present in fossil fuels (Sevin 1980). 

About 32% from Canada, 18% from New Caledonia, 17% from the former Soviet Union, 10% from Australia, 5% from Cuba, 4% from the Dominican Republic, 3% from the Republic of South Africa, 2% each from Greece, Indonesia, and the United States, and 5% from other countries. 

Production of isoprene in the United States in 1993 was reported to be 276 841 tonnes (United States International Trade Commission, 1994). Production capacities for isoprene in 1987 were estimated to be (thousand tonnes) United States, 199 the Netherlands, 25 Republic of South Africa, 45 Japan, 105 and the former Soviet Union, about 800 (Weitz Loser, 1989). In 1992, isoprene monomer reportedly was produced in Brazil, the Netherlands, Japan, Romania, countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States (Lybarger, 1995). 

Two-thirds of the known ilmenite reserves that could be economically worked are in China, Norway (both massive deposits), and the former Soviet Union (sands and massive deposits). On the basis of current production capacities, these countries could cover all requirements for ca. 150 years. However, the countries with the largest outputs are Australia (sands), Canada (massive ore), and the Republic of South Africa (sands). Other producers are the United States (sands, Florida), India (sands, Quilon) the former Soviet Union (sands, massive ore), Sri Lanka (sands), and Brazil (rutilo e ilmenita do Brasil). In 1994 the production of ilmenite was about 1.2 x 106 t of contained TiOz. 

Recently Webb (16) explained the aromas of film sherries as by-products of an incomplete metabolic sequence where ethanol is being metabolized by film yeasts to carbon dioxide and water. Webb also refers to Pasteur s Etudes sur le Vin, published in 1866, as the basis of the specialization of zymology, which recognizes different types of film formers that yield the wines of the Jerez district of Spain, Vinsjaunes of the Jura region of France, and the flor wines of Australia, South Africa, the Soviet Union, and California. 

Before and during World War II, the only countries producing fluorine on a commercial scale were the United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany. Post World War II period brought the involvement of the Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, Italy, South Africa and expansions of the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom operations. 

Any remaining doubts about how potential enemies might view the utility of such weapons ought to be set to rest by the revelations over the past decade of the biological weapons activities of Iraq, South Africa, and the Soviet Union/Rus-sia—all of which exceeded assessments in both scale and sophistication. 

The flaviviruses are responsible for yellow fever, occurring throughout tropical Africa and South America, and dengue, found throughout North and South America, Asia and Africa. Mosquitoes transmit both infections. Ticks transmit the flaviviruses responsible for Kyasanur Forest Disease in India and Omsk hemorrhagic fever in the old Soviet Union. 

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