The Soviet Union

The dissolution of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s resulted in the creation of many new states. The Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, declared independence in 1990, as did 12 additional Soviet republics soon thereafter. The case of the Baltic republics is slightly different from that of the other 12 republics, because, arguably, the Baltic republics had the right to self-determination under international law whereas the other 12 republics only derived this right from Soviet constitutional law. 

The case of the Baltic republics neatly illustrates how concerns about global balance and the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union restrained, or at least slowed down, not only the furtherance of, but also international support for, the quest for self-determination.  

Ironically, despite having a solid legal argument for self-determination, the three Baltic states were able to achieve statehood and independence peacefully through the avoidance of self-determination-type arguments. 

The 1990 law was never applied, because a political crisis caused a precipitous collapse of the Soviet Union, and the 12 republics achieved de facto independence, outside any legal parameters of either international or domestic law. Most of the 12 republics held referendum on the issue of secession, not within the 1990 law or not based on any international legal rule. The fact that most of these republics chose to hold referendum  

Other states also chose to legitimize the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new states from the perspective of self-determination. When the foreign ministers of then 12 member states of the European Community met in December 1991 to determine on the common policy toward breakaway 

---

Acetyl chlotide was formerly manufactured by the action of thionyl chlotide [7719-09-7], CI2OS, on gray acetate of lime, but this route has been largely supplanted by the reaction of sodium acetate or acetic acid and phosphoms ttichlotide [7719-12-2] (24). A similar route apparently is stiU being used in the Soviet Union (25). Both pathways ate inherently costly. 

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. 

Liquid-Phase Oxidation. In the early 1960s, both Cams Chemical Co. (La SaEe, Illinois) and a plant in the Soviet Union started to operate modernized Hquid-phase oxidation processes. 

Pipeline systems for transporting anhydrous ammonia that are urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) and LNG compatible, exist in Europe, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. Export-oriented ammonia producing countries utilize huge ocean-going tankers that contain up to 50,000 t for distribution of ammonia. Co-shipment in refrigerated LNG tankers is usuaky done. 

A. I. Solodukhin, Proipv. Isol i Uitaminov, Antihiotikov Biol Aktivn. Ueshchestv, 145—181 (1965). Production and Use of Food Dyes. A review of the synthetic and natural food dyes used in the Soviet Union. 

Of greater interest were the polymetallosiloxanes which were investigated by Andrianov and co-workers in the Soviet Union. These polymers may be classed as polyorganosiloxymetalloxanes, of which those shown in Figure 29.11 form typical types. 

Georgii Vyacheslavovich Kurdyumov (1902-1996) (Fig. 14.6), the son of a priest, was the most famous metallurgist of his generation in the Soviet Union, a man who was not only a great research scientist but also a man of rare human qualities. He and the many people who collaborated closely with him spent decades on a single... 

Back in the Soviet Union, he moved to the Ukraine to help, with his scientist wife, create a research institute in Dniepropetrovsk, where he continued with his researches. He was invited to be director, sought to escape from this fate (he complained that he would be a bad administrator, and that by administering he would lose contact with real science and then become unable to direct scientific work properly) but was persuaded to overcome his seruples. The rest of his long career he both administered (usually more than one institute at once) and remained a unique scientist. During the War, the institute had to move, and after the War, it was moved again, to Moscow, and Kurdyumov with it. While in Moscow, he also created a laboratory of metal physics in Kiev, Ukraine, and directed both the Moscow and the... 

Numerous observations of the effect in ionic crystals were carried out by Mineev and Ivanov in the Soviet Union [76M01]. This is a class of crystals in which a number of materials factors can be confidently varied. By choice of crystallographic orientation, various slip directions can be invoked. By choice of various crystals other physical factors such as dielectric constant, ionic radius, and an electronic factor thought to be representative of dielec-... 

Solid state chemistry was vigorously pursued in the Soviet Union from their earliest work, but other shock-eompression groups showed little interest in the area. Within a benign shock compression pieture, such chemical effects could not occur in the mieroseeond duration of the shoek pulse. Observations of chemieal changes must therefore be interpreted to be the result of poor experimental eontrol or proeesses that occurred long after the shock event. 

Coal slurry pipelines have been widely discussed, but few slurry pipelines have been built. In addition to the Black Mesa operation in Arizona, a 38-mile (61-km) pipeline was built by the Soviet Union, and a 108-mile (173-km) pipeline in Ohio was mothballed in 1963 after six years of operation. It is arguable to what extent the limited use of slurry pipelines is due to economics or to political opposition from rail car-... 

The move toward gigantic hydroelectric developments accelerated in the 1930s, especially in the United States and the Soviet Union, as government-sponsored projects replaced privately funded projects. The Unieprostroy hydroelectric plant in the Soviet Union, completed in 1932, was equipped with nine... 

In 1972 in Moscow, a large experimental facility, the U-25, used a 250 MW natural gas combustor and generated 20 MW. The Soviets have been using very successfully mobile, pulsed MHD generators throughout the Soviet Union, for seismic studies. 

The question of how much Star Wars may have contributed to the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union... 

Sakharov made his first trip outside the Soviet Union in late 1988. In 1989 he was elected to the Congress of People s Deputies, the supreme legislative body of the Soviet Union. He died on December 14, 1989. 

---