Former Soviet Union organizations

Furfural—acetone resins have been used to form resin-aggregate mixtures referred to as organic concretes. Despite the reportedly excellent properties, there has been virtually no commercial use of such resins outside the former Soviet Union. The stmctures and polymerization mechanisms of these furfural—aldehyde—ketone polymers are discussed in a review (6). 

Candida utilis is grown on sulfite waste Hquor in Western Europe and North America, on sugar cane molasses in Cuba and Taiwan and on ceUulose acid hydrolysates in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. C. ///i/if utilizes hexoses, pentoses, and many organic acids. Sulfite Hquor from hardwoods contains 2—3% fermentable sugars of which 20% are hexoses and 80% pentoses in softwood Hquors the proportions are reversed. The SO2 must be stripped out to allow yeast growth, which is carried out in large, highly-aerated fermentors. Eor continuous fermentations, carried out at pH 4 and 30°C, the dilution rate is 0.27—0.30 (34). 

World production of I2 in 1992 approached 15 000 tonnes, the dominant producers being Japan 41%, Chile 40%, USA 10% and the former Soviet Union 9%. Crude iodine is packed in double polythene-lined fibre drums of 10-50-kg capacity. Resublimed iodine is transported in lined fibre drums (11.3 kg) or in bottles containing 0.11, 0.45 or 2.26 kg. The price of I2 has traditionally fluctuated wildly. Thus, because of acute over-supply in 1990 the price for I2 peaked at 22/kg in 1988, falling to 12/kg in 1990 and 9.50/kg in 1992. Unlike CI2 and Br2, iodine has no predominant commercial outlet. About 50% is incorporated into a wide variety of organic compounds and about 15% each is accounted for as resublimed iodine, KI, and other inorganics. The end uses include catalysts for synthetic rubber manufacture, animal- and fowl-feed supplements. 

Health Organizations in Eurasia. The HOE controls many medical associations, institutes, and centers in the countries of the former Soviet Union and Asia, and organizes conferences and publications. 

Significant commercial deposits of sedimentary phosphate ore occur in the United States, the Former Soviet Union, Morocco, China, Jordan, and Tunisia, and lesser deposits are mined in many other countries. Although phosphorite ores generally are classified as having siliceous or carbonate gangue minerals, soluble salts and organic material are also of concern. The phosphate content of the ores,... 

There are a number of other regional patent application systems in operation. In Africa, two regional systems operate the African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ARIPO), formed in 1976, and the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), formed in 1962. These systems have 11 and 15 member states, respectively. In the Middle East, the Gulf Cooperation Treaty operate to provide protection in six countries (for example, Saudi Arabia and The United Arab Emirates), and the Eurasian Patent System operates to provide protection in nine countries of the former Soviet Union, including Russia. 

As the commercial chemical industry has spread around the world in response to the urgent needs of developing countries for chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, the availability of chemicals and equipment required to produce CW agents has increased. At the same time, thousands of applied organic chemists and chemical engineers from developing countries have been trained in related production technologies at universities in the United States, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. 

Colloid chemistry of silica has been researched on a large scale in the former Soviet Union. This chapter discusses not only recent scientific advances there, but also the most important trends in the chemistry of amorphous silica during the last 30-40 years. The most active study in the former Soviet Union of different aspects of colloid chemistry of silica is carried out in numerous scientific organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. Research in this field is also conducted in Minsk, Novosibirsk, Gorki, Kazan, Saratov, Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Tashkent, Vilnius, Baku, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Kishinev, and other cities. Large- and small-capacity industrial production of different kinds of sols, gels, and powders of amorphous silica is realized in a number of chemical plants in the area. 

The grafting of organic and inorganic compounds and of metalloorgan-ic complexes onto the surface of amorphous silica is a subject of intense research in the former Soviet Union. As is well known, modified silicas are widely used in sorption, catalysis, and chromatography, as fillers for polymers, and as thickening agents in dispersed media. 

In 1964, in Kiev within the system of the Ministry of Public Health, the All-Union Scientiric Research Institute of Toxicology of Pesticides, Polymers and Plastics (now the Ukrainian Institute of Ecohygiene and Toxicology of Chemicals) was organized which soon became a large center involved with the coordination of this p-oblem in the former Soviet Union. 

It was shown that the chloride brines which do not contain sulfate ion after preliminary processing in the reservoirs, where the mixtures of iron, gypsum, organic compounds, are removed, are suitable raw materials to produce sodium chloride for foodstuffs. The calculations showed that the potential possibility to receive sodium chloride from East Turkmenian brines exceeds the best deposits in the former Soviet Union and the resulting raw salt contains only small quantities of calcium and magnesium ions. 

---