Hazard descriptions

As has been emphasized so many times in the preceding chapters, these various manifestations of toxicity all display dose-response characteristics, where by response we refer to the incidence or severity of specific adverse health effects. As we demonstrated in earlier chapters, toxic responses increase in incidence, in severity, and sometimes in both, as dose increases. Moreover, just below the range of doses over which adverse effects can be observed, there is usually evidence for a threshold dose, what we have called the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The threshold dose must be exceeded before adverse effects become observable (Chapter 3). Deriving from the literature on toxic hazards, descriptions of the dose-response relationships for those hazards comprise the dose-response assessment step of the four-step process. 

EDAR Index Interval Qualitative hazard description Hazard rank Response for each lower limit value of the interval... 

It was observed that EDAR index values and intervals (Tables 2 and 4) did not change markedly with the deletion of two toxicity tests. Results of applying the EDAR index to waste samples indicate that values and ranks relate to the solubility of toxicants in aqueous phases. Based on this evaluation, wastes from photographic and X-Ray laboratories were observed to be extremely hazardous in contrast to hydrocarbon-containing waste leachates, described as either slightly hazardous or hazardous. The existence of sub-levels for an equivalent hazard description allows for better sample discrimination (e.g., Pharmaceutical solid waste leachate versus liquid waste with pesticides in Table 5). 

Sample Moisture % D. magna LCS0-4Sh (%) UT II. attenuata LC50-96h (%) UT L. sativa ICSO-Sd (%) UT Total score Hazard description... 

Sample Class Hazard description Class weight (%)... 

So where does this leave the hazard The glue which binds all this together is perhaps the potential for the system to mislead someone into administering an incorrect or inappropriate medication. This simple description fits snugly between the identified causes and impacts. Importantly, the hazard description creates a tangible story within the medication administration business process which is easy to understand and contextnalise. 

Human factors - A robust analysis is ultimately about how people deliver care and not necessarily just about how the tools behave. If you ask people to draw a business process they ll describe data flow, states and logical decision points. Ask someone to draw a storyboard and they show people, interactions and context. It s defining and capturing this latter information that makes for a good hazard description. 

Secondly, warning sign should describe the potential hazard present in the situation. The hazard description should be specific and complete so that people can catch up the nature of hazard. It needs to notice that brevity should be considered as well as completeness. 

A hazard description, sometimes called a hazard scenario. 

ID Function Failure condition/ mode (hazard description) Phase Effect of failure condition Consequence Severity Justilicalion Qualitative objective Predicted failure probability Verification planned/ achieved... 

For each hazard IderrtHled, provide the following data a. Hazard Description ... 

In many cases, there will be more than one specific hazard associated with a given job step. For this reason, each hazard will be numbered alphanumeri-cally to associate the hazards with the proper job step. For example, if job step 2 contains three specific hazards, then the hazard descriptions in column 2 of the JSA form shall be numbered 2a and 2b and 2c. In this way, it will be quite obvious that job step 2 contains three individual hazards of concern to the worker. 

If a job step is placed in column 1, then there must be at least one hazard associated with that step described in column 2 (otherwise, the step should never be listed in column 1). That hazard must be clearly described (see next bulleted paragraph). Do not refer readers to other sections of the JSA for a hazard description. Do not refer readers to other documents (another JSA, a regulation, etc.) for a description of a hazard that is supposed to be specific to a given job step. Just describe the hazard, plain and simple. 

Recommend documenting the following information (1) comprehensive hazard description, (2) date listed, (3) reason listed, (4) applicable hazard analysis information, (5) controls used to reduce risk, (6) PPE issued to employees, and (7) training or education provided to deal with a hazard. 

Subsystem mode of subsystem of hazard origin —Hazard description —Hazard effects... 

An essential part of any safety system is the correction of hazards that occur despite the overall prevention and eontrol procedure. Documentation is important so that management and employees have a record of the correction. Many companies use the form that documents the original discovery of a hazard to traek its eorreetion. Hazard correction information can be noted on an inspection report next to the hazard description. 

Under the column Hazard Description (column 2), use as many lines as needed to describe the hazard. In the third column, provide the name of the person who has been assigned responsibility for corrective actions (column 3). In column 4 list any interim corrective actions to correct the hazard and the date performed. In the last column, enter the completed corrective action and the date that final correction was made. 

System Hazard Description Responsibility Assigned Interim Completed Action Action With Date... 

Number each step in sequential order (i.e 1,2, 3,4, etc.). This will allow easy reference to a particular step, especially in a multipage JS A. It will also facilitate association of hazard descriptions (in Column 2) and mitigation measures (in Column 3) to the steps described in Column 1. 

The next colunm. Hazard Description, is very important. Though it should be written in succinct language, it should still be sufficiently detailed to allow the reviewer to understand what the hazard is. You may wish to try to use some sort of standard words, thus giving you the maximum possibility of sorting this information in a database. 

Detailed design analysis This is where much of the meat of the hazard analysis is performed. There now is sufficient software to check logic, interfaces, and constraints to the software modules. Revisit the hazard descriptions, causes, effects, and controls noted in the previous analysis level and update as needed. At this level, coding approaches to control hazards are recommended. Two of the more common detailed design analysis techniques are... 

Of course, this system, like any filing system, is good only if it is kept up to date. Every time you conduct a safety analysis, its hazard description, causes, controls, and consequences should be entered into the safety knowledge management system. The next time you have to analyze a similar system, you will have very good, hard data on the safety of the system. One system that a private company developed has over 1500 hazards listed, which makes it much easier to do future safety analyses if they already have a strong database of information. The results of the safety analysis can be input, and any open hazards can be tracked in this system. 

Hazard category Hazard description Signal word Flash point (°C) Boiling point (°C)... 

---