Fish tests

Bartlett JMS, Ibrahim M, Jasani B, et al. External quality assurance of HER2 FISH testing results of a UK NEQAS pilot scheme. J. Clin. Pathol. 2007 60 816-819. 

Douglas, M.T., D. 0. Chanter, I.B. Pell, and G.M. Burney. 1986. A proposal for the reduction of minimal numbers required for the acute toxicity to fish test (LC50 determination). Aquat. Toxicol. 8 243-249. 

Bruggemann, R., J. Schwaiger, and R.D. Negele. 1995. Applying Hasse diagram technique for the evaluation of toxicological fish tests. Chemosphere 30 1767-1780. 

OECD, Bioaccumulation fish test. OECD Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Draft guideline 305, OECD, Paris, 1982. 

Toxic characteristics of industrial wastewater in many countries are still assessed using fish [106-108]. The standardized procedure describes testing with different species in different life stages. For ethical reasons, as well as those linked to cost- and time-effectiveness, labor-intensiveness, analytical output, and effluent sample volume requirements, there is unquestionable value in searching for alternative procedures that would ehminate the drawbacks associated with fish testing. Investigators therefore use an in vitro cell system, which can greatly decrease the need for the in vivo hsh model [37]. 

German water authorities adopted a permit system for effluent emission where the requirements are based on fish toxicity [195]. Daphnia, algae, and luminescent bacteria are including for a screening additionally to the fish test. In this scheme the fish test Goldoifo Leuciscus idus) is stiU considered to be the only test producing definitive results. 

Acute fish test (cold and warm water) fresh and... 

Freshwater fish tests are generally conducted on bluegill, a warm water fish, and rainbow trout, a cold water fish. Catfish, fathead minnows and sometimes carp are also used depending on the expected route of exposure. Sheepshead minnow is the commonly used saltwater fish. 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1996. Bioaccumulation Flow-through Fish Test, 305 E. OECD Guideline for Testing Chemicals. 

INCLUSION OF A FISH TEST IN FUTURE PEEP BIOASSAY BATTERIES... 

An example illustrating the pT-scale dilution method is that of mortality measured in the fish test according to DEV L31 (1989), where a dilution stage is identified ensuring 100% animal survival for a designated test exposure period. The... 

If a preliminary dilution step is deemed necessary before the geometric dilution series, as recommended in the case of heavily polluted wastewater, the preliminary dilution step, for example, should be 1 64 or 1 128. If it is necessary to obtain LC0 values for determining the pT-value, then the geometric dilution series with the factor of 1 2 must be followed through from the first dilution step. This is required in the fish test according to DEV L31 (1989) (Section 5.3). The same is required for other quantal tests like the Daphnia test, where 9 of 10 animals must survive. 

In the regulations of the German Wastewater Charges Act (AbwV, 2002) the fish test was replaced in 2004 by the fish egg test. 

The pT-index scale appraises the relative hazard of aquatic environmental samples by assigning them to a numerical class. As bioassays within a test battery are considered equal in rank, the most sensitive test with its pTmax-value defines the toxicity class of the test material. If, for example, an effluent yields pT-values of 7, 2, 8 and 0 for the bacterial, algal, daphnid and fish tests, respectively, its pT-index is therefore assigned to toxicity class 8, based on the most sensitive response obtained with the Daphnia test. Since, by convention, sample toxicity classes are designated by Roman numerals, the test material is then assigned to toxicity class Vm. A toxicity class is not a strictly defined value, but rather the consequence of the... 

Three bioassays a) 48h and 96h acute crustacean test (Daphnia pulex) b) 96h acute fish test (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus nerka) c) residual oxygen fish test (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus nerka) Municipal solid waste (MSW) leachates originating from a) Landfills b) Laboratory lysimeters (downward) c) Field lysimeters (downward) Unspecified pretreatment... 

Four bioassays a) 5 min acute bacterial test (Vibrio fischeri) b) 11 to 21 d algal test (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) c) 48h acute crustacean test (Daphnia magna) d) 96h acute fish test (Pimephales promelas) Municipal and industrial solid waste leachates originating from a sanitary landfill Filtered (glass fiber and 0.45 pm membrane filters for algal test) and unfiltered... 

Two bioassays a) 7d chronic shrimp test (Mysidopsis bahia) b) 7d chronic fish test (Menidia beryllina) Waste-to-energy (WTE) ash concrete leachates Sea-water leaching with stabilized wastes sea-water elutriation with crushed wastes decantation and/or filtration... 

Palaemonetes pugio) b) acute (96h) and short-term (7d) fish test (Cyprinodon variegatus) Saline extraction 37 pm and 10 pm mesh screen filtrations followed by decantation... 

Use of several laboratory toxicity tests (at least two), usually representative of different levels of biological organization (e.g., a battery composed of a bacterial, algal, microinvertebrate and fish test) to attempt to circumscribe the full toxicity potential of a liquid or solid matrix sample. Volume 2(1,8). 

Keywords 3R Aquatic Ecotoxicology Fish tests REACH... 

Fish Prolonged Toxicity Test - 14 Day Study (OECD 204, 1984) is a variant of the acute fish test used when a longer exposure time is needed, for example when testing highly lipophilic and poorly water soluble substances, and/or when reporting of additional information is considered necessary. The principle of the test is that threshold levels of lethal and other observed effects and NOEC are determined at intervals during the test period. The test requires at least ten fish per concentration plus control(s). 

The problem with fish cell tests, as well as with mammalian in vitro test, is their lower sensitivity compared with animal in vivo tests. On the average, the fish cell cytotoxicity assays are one or two orders of magnitude less sensitive than the in vivo acute fish tests (Castano et al. 2003). The low absolute sensitivity and possibility of generating false negatives compared to fish in vivo LC-50 test is the strongest criticism against using fish cell lines as alternatives to acute fish test. 

OECD 305 (1996) OECD guidlines for testing of chemicals. 305. Bioconcentration Flow-through fish test, last updated 14th June 1996. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. 

Schulte C. Nagel R. (1994) Testing acute toxicity in the embryo of zebrafish, Brachydanio rero, as an alternative to acute fish test preliminary results. ATLA 22 12-19. 

For performing the bio concentration flow-through fish test see [22]. An apparatus for continuously saturating water with hydrophobic organic chemicals was described by Veith and Comstock [49]. However, an exposure system with generator column [26,27] is recommended for very hydrophobic chemicals [28,... 

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