Solid-state fermentation enzymes production

Roukas, T. 1999. Citric acid production from carob pod by solid-state fermentation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 24 54—59. 

Pandey A, Selvakumar P, Soccol CR, Nigam P (1999) Solid-State fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes. Curr Sci 77 149-162... 

Considine, P. I, and Coughlan, M. P. 1989. Production of carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzyme blends by solid-state fermentation. In Coughlan, M. P., Enzyme systems for lignocellulose degradation (pp. 273-281). London Elsevier Apphed Science. 

Solid-state fermentation [3-5] is an established process in Asian countries for the production of wine, food additives, etc. It is also applied in the production of organic acid, animal feed and enzymes. If solid-state fermentation is used to produce cellulase, the following advantages and disadvantages should be noted [6-9] ... 

It is a commonly held view that cellulase is an inducible enzyme, and that cellulose is the best inducer. In solid-state fermentation for cellulase production, cellulosic materials act as either the carbon source or the inducer. Some of the raw materials for solid-state fermentation and their composition are listed in Table 1. From Table 1 it is very clear that the raw materials for cellulase production using solid-state fermentation are abundant and cheap. Proper pretreatment of raw materials is generally required. The nitrogen source for solid-state fermentation includes inorganic compounds, such as urea and (NH4)2SO4, or natural products, such as bran. 

In the submerged fermentation process for cellulase production, crystal cellulose and paper pulp are commonly used substrates which are expensive. The solid-state fermentation for cellulase production should use a cheap medium. Because cellulase is an inducible enzyme, the inducer must be included in the medium. Cellulose is the best inducer [45,46] and its hydrolysate (glucose) is the carbon source for microbes to grow therefore, cellulosic material is the basic component in the medium. Complex nitrogen sources are used to supply nitrogen and to regulate the pH value. Other nutrient salts, such as Mn + and Zn etc., should also be involved in the medium. 

Protease Production Profile by Solid-State Fermentation Mediums containing 10 g of wheat bran hydrated with 15 mL of nutrient solution, to approximately 60% moisture, were sterilized (I20°C/40 min) in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. The mediums were inoculated with mycelial suspension ftom each fungus and cultivated at 45°C for 8 days. Samples were taken every 24 h. The crude enzyme solution was obtained by adding 25 mL of water to the fermented material. Solids were removed by filtering through Whatman no. I filter paper and centrifuging at 10,000 rpm/20 min, and finally, the clear solution was assayed. 

Fig. 4 Statistical results of the biomass growth and the enzyme production in solid-state fermentation a Biomass growth measured by the digital image processing b Biomass growth measured by the glycosamine method c Lipase activity...

This method of enzyme production has had a very long history in Japan and evolved to a very high technical level there. Not surprisingly Japan leads the world not only in terms of the sheer bulk of the enzymes produced by this method, but also in terms of production techniques and production yields. Enzymes produced by solid state fermentation and currently available commercially include Glucoamylase, Alpha amylase, Pectinase, Protease, Xylanase, Lactase, Naringinase, Microbial rennet. Phosphatase, Phytase, Cellulase, Tannase, etc. 

Commonly used substrates used for solid state fermentation are Wheat Corn Bran, Soya, Rice, Sugar beet pulp. Tapioca residue, com cobs etc. Wheat bran is used most commonly for industrial enzyme production, followed by beet- pulp. 

Nandakumar MP, Thakur MS, Raghavarao KSMS et al. (1999) Studies on catabolite repression in solid state fermentation for biosynthesis of fungal amylases. Lett Appl Microbiol 29 380-384 Neelakantan S, Mohanty AK, Kaushik JK (1999) Production and use of microbitil enzymes for dairy processing. Curr Sd 77 143-149... 

Omar IC, Hayashi M, Nagai S (1987) Purification and some properties of a thermostable lipase from Humicola lanuginosa No. 3. Agric Biol Chem 51(1) 37-A5 Pacheco-OUver M, Veeraragavan K, Braendfi E (1990) Separation of colour compounds from lipase in fermentation supernatant by diafiltration. Biotechnol Tech 4(l) 369-372 Pandey A, Selvakumar P, Soccol CR et al. (1999) Solid state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes. Curr Sci 77(1) 149-162... 

Pandey A, Soccol C, Mitchell D (2000) New developments in solid state fermentation I bioprocesses and products. Proc Biochem 35 1153-1169 Panesar PS, Panesar R, Singh RS et al. (2007) PermeabUization of yeast cells with organic solvents for p-galactosidase activity. Res J Microbiol 2(1) 34-41 Panke S, Wubbolts MG (2002) Enzyme technology and bioprocess engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 13(2) 111-116... 

Sun, S.Y. and Xu, Y, Solid-state fermentation for whole-cell synthetic lipase production from R/j/zopjM chinensis and identification of the functional enzyme, Process Biochem., 43, 219, 2008. 

Leite RSR, Bocchini DA, Martins EDS, Silva D, Gomes E, Silva RD. (2007). Production of ceUulolytic and hemiceUulolytic enzymes from Aureobasidium pulluans on solid state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 137-140(1-12), 281-288. 

Panagiotou G, Kekos D, Maoris BJ, Christakopoulos P. (2003). Production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes by Fusariwn oxysporum grown on com stover in solid state fermentation. Ind Crops Prod, 18, 37-45. 

Vitcosque GL, Fonseca RF, Rodrfguez-Zuniga UF, Neto VB, Couri S, Farinas CS. (2012). Production of biomass-degrading multienzyme complexes under solid-state fermentation of soybean meal using a bioreactor. Enzyme Res, 2012, 248983. 

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