Solid fermentation

Bauer, W., Gas/solid fermentation systems - development and application. Proceedings of the 34th Canadian Society of Chemical Engineers Conference, Quebec, 1984, 264-267. 

Egerer, B., Zimmermann, K. and Bauer, W., Flow and fluidization behaviour of yeast in gas/solid fermentation and drying, L Chem. E. Symp. Sen, 91 (1985) 257-269. 

Arboleda C, Mejia Al, Lopez O (2004) Poly(vinylalcohol-co-ethylene) biodegradation on semi solid fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Acta Farm Bonaerense 23 (2) 123-128... 

Song, J., Xu, K., Ma, H., and Huang, J. (2005b). Method for producing feed protein by liquid-solid fermentation of apple pomace. Patent no. CN 1663421-A. 

A column fermentor is a fixed-bed reactor. Solid medium is put into the column with entries at both ends for aeration [58-60]. Figure 5 shows an experimental apparatus developed by Saucedo-Castaneda et al. [28]. Sterile air can be supplied either by a radial or axial gradient method. The water activity is maintained by humidified air. The temperature for the solid fermentation is monitored and controlled by recycling water in the jacket from an isothermal bath. In a fixed-bed column fermentor, the oxygen transfer and CO2 dissipation are im-... 

This growth pattern of fungi and the production of secondary metabolites in solid substrate appears to be correlated with the data from fermentor studies. In the 19th century, mycologists reported that growth and metabolic activity occured primarily in a few terminal cells of a hyphae (21). In molds such as Fusarium, nuclei occur most frequently in the terminal few cells. Tfie production of the secondary metabolite zearalenone by F graminearum in a solid fermentation has been shown to occur in localized segments of the mycelia which then stops (22) and the zearalenone metabolite diffuses into the substrate. 

In Japan, solid fermentation is still used to produce many kinds of enzymes including lipases, proteases and acylases. Some glycotransferases are also produced by solid fermentation. In the production of proteases, solid fermentation is often used to increase the productivity in solids. On changing to liquid fermentation, the protease is not produced and its properties change. Solid fermentation is old-fashioned and difficult to scale up because of the expensive facilities needed. 

Because enzymes are more soluble in buffer solution than water, enzymes in solid fermentation are extracted by stirring several times in a suitable buffer solution. The pH of the buffer solution is adjusted based on the stability and the PI of the enzyme. The solid medium is removed by filtration after extraction and the crude enzyme solution is concentrated at the next step. 

Keywords High-solids fermentation Rheology Bioreactors Non-Newtonian fluids Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)... 

Other terms have been used to describe solid-state fermentation and related processes, such as solid-phase fermentation, solid-state cultivation, solid-substrate fermentation, and moist solids fermentation. Also, some workers have used the term solid-state fermentation to describe processes which have significant amounts of free water. Moo-Young et al. [4] proposed use of the more general term solid-substrate fermentation to describe any process in which solid particles of substrate are involved, regardless of the amount of free water. Solid-substrate fermentations therefore include solid-state fermentations and other processes with increasing amounts of water a solid matrix with an aqueous phase leaching through it, slurries of solid particles, and solids suspended in an aqueous phase. 

Raimbault M, Alazard D (1980) Culture method to study fungal growth in solid fermentation. Fur J App Microbiol Biotechnol 9 199-209 Wang HL, Swain EW, Hesseltine CW (1975) J Food Sci 40 168... 

Solid-fermented soya foods Natto Japan No Murooka and Yamshita (2008)... 

NIR is widely used for rapid and nondestructive analysis in industries such as agriculture, food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, cosmetics, and polymer production. NIR has several advantages. In addition to nondestructive and rapid analysis, several components can be assayed simultaneously. The sample is supplied to the photometer without pretreatment. Both dry and wet materials can be accepted as a sample. Therefore, both aqueous and solid fermented samples can be accepted. NIR is an assay technique with high precision, and on-line measurement is available with fiber optics. These characteristics of NIR are an excellent match for the requirements of monitoring systems for the fermentation process. NIR will be increasingly apt for fermentation process monitoring. 

Basically, the very same media can be used for solid fermentation-indicator media in plates for replica plating. Reliable results can be obtained only under certain conditions since change in color is due to acid formation, and some strains produce acid even on glycerol medium, simulating fermentation otherwise absent on this medium the rate of ferementation has to be fairly high, so that the acids formed are not used again. Therefore, solid fermentation-indicator media should be used only if the results thus obtained have been shown to be the same as with the fermentation tube assay. 

Shihadeh, J., Huang, H., Rausch, K., Tumbleson, M., Singh, V., 2014. Vacuum stripping of ethanol during high solids fermentation of com. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 173 (2), 486-500. 

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