Soils INDEX

Soiling index The degree of soiling of a filter paper fitted in a sampling device tluough which a contaminated gas has been passed. 

EC. 2007b. European Commission. Environment Pohcies Soil website. http //europa.eu.int/coinm/envirDnment/ soil/index.htm... 

Only relatively flat sites are suitable for nurseries. On sloping sites there is a risk of erosion because the soil has to be kept bare. In addition, locations where there is a risk of frost (winter frost and late frost) should not be used as nurseries, especially for the propagation of stone fruit and pears on quince rootstocks. Nurseries should preferably be set up on medium-heavy soils. Humus-rich, loamy sand soils or sandy loam soils are especially favourable. A soil index well above 50 is advisable for nurseries. 

Commission of the European Communities. COM (2006) 232. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council. http7/ec.europa.eu/coinm/environment/soil/ index.htm... 

Finally, the resilient modulus (Mr) may be predicted from correlation equations where soil index properties are used, that is, LL, PI, percentage of clay, percentage of silt, percentage passing through No. 200 sieve, and so on (George 2004). 

George K.R 2004. Prediction of Resilient Modulus from Soil Index Properties. Report No. FHWA/ MS-DOT-RD-04-172. Washington, DC Federal Highway Administration. 

There are hmited potassium sources other than farmyard manure (FYM), bought-in straw and animal feeds. Under certain circnmstances some restricted prodncts can be apphed. Potassinm, e.g. meadow salt or Silvinite, is an example of a restricted fertihser. In the case of Silvinite, the grower has to submit a recent soil analysis resnlt for the field in question. The soil index mnst be 0 or 1 for derogation to be given. This prodnct is prohibited for nse in some other European countries. 

At index 2, 40 kg/ha of P and 30 kg/ha of K are required in the seedbed assmning a 3.5t/ha yield. 11kg of extra P and 12kg of extra K will be needed for every torme of yield above 3.5. However, allowance should be made for nutrients applied as organic manures. No nitrogen fertiliser will be required, but a magnesium fertiliser will be required at soil index 0 and 1. 

It is possible to obtain a response to up to 85 kg/ha of MgO applied as calcined magnesite where the soil index level for magnesium is 0. Another avenue for the apphcation of magnesium is the use of magnesian or dolomitic lime for correcting soil pH. 

Management system Phosphorus soil index level Potassium soil index level ... 

Ohsaki Y, Iwasaki Y (1973) Dynamic shear moduli and Poisson s ratio of soil deposits. Soils Found 13 61-73 Ohta Y, Goto N (1978) Empirical shear wave velocity equations in terms of characteristic soil indexes. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 6(2) 167-187 Ohta T, Goto N, Kagami H, Shiono K (1972) Shear wave velocity measurement during a standard penetration test. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 6 43-50. As cited in Hanumantharao C, Ramana GV (2008) Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India. J Earth SystSci 117(S2) 719-730... 

Potassium nitrate is being used increasingly on intensive crops such as tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, leafy vegetables, citms, and peaches. The properties that make it particularly desirable for these crops are low salt index, nitrate nitrogen, favorable N K20 ratio, negligible CU content, and alkaline residual reaction in the soil. The low hygroscopicity of KNO (Table 9) leads to its use in direct appHcation and in mixtures. It is an excellent fertilizer but the high cost of production limits its use to specialty fertilizers. 

Dispersion staining is useful for rapid deterrnination of refractive index and dispersion. It is appHed most often, however, for needle-in-a-haystack detection of any particular substance in a mixture such as chrysotile in insulation, cocaine in dust samples, quartz in mine samples, or any particular mineral, eg, tourmaline, in a forensic soil sample. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Sihcones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture pohshes. The lubricant properties of sihcones improve ease of apphcation of the pohsh and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, sihcones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repeUent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, abihty to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free pohshes, which have sihcones as the only film former, can be formulated to dehver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture pohshes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

The index of refraction of allophane ranges from below 1.470 to over 1.510, with a modal value about 1.485. The lack of characteristic lines given by crystals in x-ray diffraction patterns and the gradual loss of water during heating confirm the amorphous character of allophane. Allophane has been found most abundantly in soils and altered volcanic ash (101,164,165). It usually occurs in spherical form but has also been observed in fibers. 

Easily observed physical properties of soils often are useful indexes of behavior. These index properties include texture and appearance, specific weight, moisture content, consistency, permeability, compressibility, and shearing strength [37,38]. 

Soil specific weight is the measure of the concentration of packing of particles in a soil mass. It is also an index of compressibility. Less dense, or loosely packed, soils are much more compressible under loads. Soil specific weight may be expressed numerically as soil ratio and ptorosity (porosity for soils being basically the same definition as that for rocks discussed earlier in this section). Soil porosity e is... 

Fig. 8-7 Three principal ratios control the style of runoff generation prevalent in a landscape (1) ratio of rainfall intensity to the infiltration capacity of the soil (2) ratio of bedrock conductivity to soil conductivity and (3) the topographic index defined by the ratio of the upslope drainage area to the ground slope. HOF = Horton overland flow SOF = saturation overland flow SSS = subsurface stormflow GWR = groundwater flow.

Bridge, B.J., Mott, J.J., Winter, W.H. Hartigan, R.J. (1983). Improvement in soil structure resulting from sown pastures on degraded areas in the dry savanna woodlands of northern Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 21, 83-90. Cionco, R.M. (1972). A wind profile index for canopy flow. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 3, 255-63. 

The ECL evaluates analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues in the environment to ensure that the methods are suitable for monitoring pesticide residues in soil and water. State, tribal and federal laboratories may access an Index of Environmental Chemistry Methods for a list of available methods. The ECL also provides the State pesticide laboratories with technical and QA support and training in pesticide analytical chemistry. 

Conventional advice maintains that there is no benefit in adding P to soils that contain available P of index 3 (26-45 mg/kg P in the soil). Beyond this level, there is unlikely to be an increase in herbage yield (Lockhart Wiseman, 1993). However, the experiment cited above (Newton, 1993) showed a straight-line response up to levels of available P of 103 mg/kg (index 6). The equation derived from this work suggested that for every increase of 10 mg/kg available P in the soil,... 

Unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil Unconfined compressive strength index of chemical-grouted soils Slump of portland cement concrete... 

For compacted, low-permeability soil liners, the U.S. EPA draft guidance recommends natural soil materials, such as clays and silts. However, soils amended or blended with different additives (e.g., lime, cement, bentonite clays, and borrow clays) may also meet the current selection criteria of low hydraulic conductivity, or permeability, and sufficient thickness to prevent hazardous constituent migration out of the landfill unit. Therefore, U.S. EPA does not exclude compacted soil liners that contain these amendments. Additional factors affecting the design and construction of CCLs include plasticity index (PI), Atterburg limits, grain sizes, clay mineralogy, and attenuation properties. 

In addition to the above measurements, indexes using soil concentrations in combination with permeability measurements have been suggested by some researchers.4142 As elaborated on later in this section, these methods have been successful in establishing relationships between some of the site measurements and indexes, and indoor radon concentrations for specific areas and regions. 

Indexes Using Permeability and Soil Radon Concentrations... 

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