Soils characteristics

The nature of soils is extremely complex, as they are formed by or contain minerals (e.g., clays, oxides, 

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Site selection location Site selection soil characteristics Site preparation Waste characterization... 

Organic matter and rocks are the building materials of soils, which both undergo extensive transformations within soil. These transformations include changes in physical as well as chemical properties and result in unique new soil characteristics. Weathering is one type of... 

P. H. Vaast and R. J. Zasoski, Effect of VA-mycorrhizac and nitrogen sources on rhizosphere soil characteristics, growth and nutrient acquisition of coffee seedlings (Coffea arahica L.), Plant and Soil I473. ... 

Test sites are selected from areas with different environmental and cultural conditions that might affect the levels of pesticide residues (e.g., temperature, soil characteristics, planting patterns). 

Trial sites must be selected on the basis of uniformity (soil characteristics, areas of sunshine, etc.), and areas that are susceptible to erosion or areas where drift of chemicals from neighboring fields might occur should be avoided. Irrigation sources are supplied, preferably nearby. 

For studies involving test substance application to soil, there may be a requirement for more soil information than for studies where applications are made to foliage of established crops. The study protocol should describe any specific requirements relative to soil type selection and how to confirm the soil characteristics for the study. Most studies simply require that the soil be identified by its name (e.g., Keystone silt loam) and composition (e.g., percent sand, silt, and clay). This information can typically be acquired from farm records, a soil survey of the local area, or a typical soil analysis by a local soil analysis laboratory. In some instances, a GLP compliant soil analysis must be completed. The study protocol must clearly define what is needed and how it is to be obtained. Unless specified in the protocol, non-GLP sources are adequate to identify the soil and its characteristics. The source of the soil information should be identified in the field trial record. 

In the presence of NAPL, the concentration of contaminants in the soil moisture (Cw) can be calculated simply from the solubility of the compounds (equation 3 in Table 14.3). Adsorption of contaminants to the soil particles is a much more complex phenomenon, which depends both on contaminant properties and on soil characteristics. The simplest model for describing adsorption is based on the observation that organic compounds are preferentially bound to the organic matter of soil, and the following linear equation is proposed for calculating the adsorbed concentration (Cs) ... 

Soils and vadose zone information, including soil characteristics (type, holding capacity, temperature, biological activity, and engineering properties), soil chemical characteristics (solubility, ion specification, adsorption, leachability, cation exchange capacity, mineral partition coefficient, and chemical and sorptive properties), and vadose zone characteristics (permeability, variability, porosity, moisture content, chemical characteristics, and extent of contamination)... 

Associated soil characteristics that inhibit the mobility of gasoline vapors from the soil to the air... 

On the basis of this comparison study, at present, it is still difficult to adopt a universal selective sequential dissolution procedure, which may be used everywhere and be suitable for all soils with diversified physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. The application of the SSD procedure must consider individual soil characteristics, such as soil type and properties. The two typical SSD procedures were developed to address soils formed in two climates. The Rehovot procedure was developed to be suitable for the calcareous soils in arid and semi-arid zone soils, whereas the Bonn procedure was created to primarily handle the acid and neutral soils in humid zones. In general, the Bonn procedure appears to be unsuited for calcareous soils in arid and semi-arid zones. The Rehovot procedure has limitations in handling acid and neutral soils, especially forest soils with higher content of organic matter. 

Factors influencing the production and migration of radon in soils have been examined, and various sources of geographic data have been discussed. Two significant soil characteristics include air permeability and, less importantly, radium concentration. While there are, at present, few opportunities to compare the larger-scale data with on-site field measurements, those comparisons that have been made for both surface radium concentrations and air permeability of soils show a reasonable correspondence. Further comparisons between the aerial radiometric data and surface measurements are needed. Additional work and experience with SCS information on soils will improve the confidence in the permeability estimates, as will comparisons between the estimated permeabilities and actual air permeability measurements performed in the field. 

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the significant effect of the degrading impact on each soil characteristic was performed using the computer software, SPSS 10.0.5J (SPSS Japan Inc., Tokyo). The Dunnett T3 test was chosen as the post-hoc test. 

Multivariate analytical methods were applied to investigate any relationships between soil characteristics, geology and land use. 

There are many examples of the ways in which soil characteristics function towards ecosystem health and stability. Organic management strategies such as incorporating... 

Drainage class, tile drainage, soil characteristics, and initial SOC levels can also impact SOC maintenance requirements (Arrouays and Pelissier 1994 Zach et al. 2006 Clay et al. 2007). If the SOC maintenance requirement is related to the SOC level, then the range of values reported by Barber (1978), Wilts et al. (2004), Larson et al. (1972), and Frye and Blevins (1997) may be related to these differences. To assess the impact of SOC level on maintenance requirements, data from Barber (1978), Wilts et al. (2004), Larson et al. (1972), and Frye and Blevins (1997) were analyzed using the Clay et al. (2006) approach (Table 8.1). For these calculations, a common soil depth (0-15 cm) and root to shoot ratios suggested by Johnson et al. (2006) were used. Across the sites, located in the central USA, the analysis suggested that in plowed fields, 15.5% of the SOC contained in the surface 15 cm must be returned annually (Fig. 8.5). The 0-15 cm soil zone was selected because soil data from this zone are available in many studies. 

Keywords Fanning system Indigenous soil knowledge Scientific soil knowledge Soil characteristics Soil degradation Soil restoration Sustainable agriculture Traditional soil knowledge... 

Table 11.3 Indigenous knowledge of soil characteristics and method of determination in Asia ...

Absorption Derivation of a relationship with soil characteristics such as pH, organic matter content, clay content and CEC... 

Denitrification, a dissimilatory pathway of nitrate reduction (see Section 3.3 also) into nitrogen oxides, N2O, and dinitrogen, N2, is performed by a wide variety of microorganisms in the forest ecosystems. Measurable rates of N20 production have been observed in many forest soils. The values from 2.1 to 4.0 kg/ha/yr are typical for forest soils in various places of Boreal and Sub-Boreal Forest ecosystems. All in situ studies (field monitoring) of denitrification in forest soils have shown large spatial and temporal variability in response to varying soils characteristics such as acidity, temperature, moisture, oxygen, ambient nitrate and available carbon. 

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