Organic manures

This consists of dung and urine, and the litter used for bedding stock. It is not a standardised product, and its value depends on  

Dung from cowsheds, cubicles and milking parlours should, if possible, be put into a heap which is protected from the elements to prevent the washing out and dilution of a large percentage of the plant food which it contains. Dung made in yards should preferably remain there until it is spread on the land, and then, to prevent further loss, it is advisable to plough it in immediately. 

Application. The application of FYM will be dealt with under the various crops. 

The widespread use of cow cubicles and self-feed silage clamps and the need to dispose of dirty water has meant that many dairy farmers produce slurry rather than the traditional FYM from strawed yards. Similarly, intensive pig units with their mechanised waste management systems find it easier to deal with liquids rather than solids. 

When applying sluny, relevant recommendations from the Defra Code of Good Agricultural Practice for Farmers, Growers and Land Managers (CoGAP) should be followed  

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Schuphan W (1972) Effects of application of inorganic and organic manures on market quality and on biological value of agricultural products . Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles, 21, 381-398. 

Okur N, Gocmez S, Tuzel Y (2006) Effect of organic manure application and solarization on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities under greenhouse conditions. Biol Agric Hort 23 305-320... 

Table 3.12 Carbon balances for rice-rice and maize-rice cropping systems over five consecutive crops in 3 years at IRRI, Laguna, Philippines. Except for short stubble all straw was removed from the fields and no organic manures were applied. Values are t C...

Results from relevant long-term trials seem somewhat contradictory in connection with nitrate leaching potential. This is due to the fact that most trials are conducted with Nt-equality of the compared systems or even equal organic manure application rates. While no differences between organic and conventional systems were observed in the Swiss DOC trial (Alfoldi et al. 

N2O contributes to the greenhouse effect with 4% (Schonwiese 1995). N2O emissions from agriculture come from mineral and organic N-fertilisers and from leguminous crops. The emission levels depend on the kind of fertiliser and on the application technique. The N2O emission factors for the most frequently applied forms of mineral N-fertilisers are < 0.5%, for organic manure 1.0 - 1.8% and for N from legumes, about 1% of the fixation rate. 

Soil surface balance measures the differences between the input or application of nutrients entering the soil (e.g. mineral fertilisers or organic manure) and the output or withdrawal of nutrients from harvested and fodder crops. Farm gate balances measure the nutrient input on the basis of the nutrient contents of purchased material (e.g. concentrates, fertilisers, fodder, livestock, biological N-fixation) and farm sales such as meat, milk, fodder, cereals (OECD 1997). 

Analytical Methods Used by ADAS for the Analysis of Organic Manures ... 

Report results on a fresh weight basis, since that is how farmers apply organic manures to land. Mass/mass for solid manures, mass/volume for slurries, with the cut-off point at approx. 10% DM content. 

Calculation of Fertilizer Values of Organic Manure from Laboratory Analysis Data... 

Typical report on fertilizer value of organic manure... 

Bob Llewelyn (organic manure analysis ADAS analytical methods), ADAS Laboratories, Wolverhampton, UK... 

Kirchmann, H. and Ryan, M.H. 2004. Nutrients in organic farming - are there advantages from the exclusive use of organic manures and untreated minerals Jn Fischer, T., Turner,... 

To support and intensify the processes in the organic manure and in the soil, Steiner indicated six different preparations that should be added together to the manure (Sattler and v. Wisting-... 

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