Sodium nitrate extraction

The 0.1 M sodium nitrate extraction, proposed in the early 1980s, is now the reference for the available pool in the Swiss ordinance on impacts on the soil (OIS, 1998). It is a quick extraction, with an uncertain direct link to plant uptake, which more likely gives the soluble content of metal in the soil (Keller and Hammer, 2004). NaN03 releases less metals compared with CaCl2 (Hani and Gupta, 1983), nowadays easily accessible by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. 

B INDICATIVE VALUES SODIUM NITRATE EXTRACTABLE CONTENTS (MGIKG)... 

Table 11.20 Indicative values sodium nitrate extractable contents...

Ammonium chloroplatinate often can be used to advantage in place of chloroplatim c acid in the preparation of Adams catalyst. A mixture of 3 g. of ammonium chloroplatinate and 30 g. of sodium nitrate in a casserole or Pyrex beaker is heated gently at first until the rapid evolution of gas slackens and then more strongly until a temperature of 500° is reached. This operation requires about fifteen minutes and there is no spattering. The temperature is held at 500-520° for one-half hour and the mixture is then allowed to cool. The platinum oxide catalyst, collected in the usual way by extracting the soluble salts with water, weighs 1.5 g. and it is comparable in appearance and in activity to the material prepared from chloroplatinic acid. 

To a stirred mixture of 140 parts nitric acid (d = 1.37), 1 part sodium nitrate and 240 parts water are added portionwise 89 parts dl-1-(1-phenylethyl)-2-mercapto-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-imidazole. After the addition is complete, the whole is stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The free base Is liberated by addition of solid sodium carbonate and the whole is extracted with 120 parts anhydrous ether while heating. The aqueous layer is separated and extracted twice with 80 parts anhydrous ether. 

The yield was highest with starch or dextrin, intermediate and about the same with sucrose, glucose, maltose and lactose and poorest with glycerol. Kanamycin was produced by media containing soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or meat extract, with or without sodium nitrate. Commercially available soybean meal was recognized to be one of the best nitrogen sources. The addition of corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or nitrate to the soybean meal promoted the production of kanamycin. 

As described in U.S. Patent 2,929,763, methandrostenolone may be made by a fermentation route. 2 g of sodium nitrate, 1 g of primary potassium orthophosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 0.5 g of potassium chloride, 50 g of glucose and 1 g of Difco yeast extract are dissolved in one liter of tap water, brought to pH 5 by addition of a sodium hydroxide solution and sterilized. The resulting nutrient solution is inoculated with 50 cc of a 4-day-old shaking culture of Didyniel/a lycopersici and shaken for 48 hours at 27 C, whereby the culture becomes well developed. 

Ke and Regier [71] have described a direct potentiometric determination of fluoride in seawater after extraction with 8-hydroxyquinoline. This procedure was applied to samples of seawater, fluoridated tap-water, well-water, and effluent from a phosphate reduction plant. Interfering metals, e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminium were removed by extraction into a solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 2-butoxyethanol-chloroform after addition of glycine-sodium hydroxide buffer solution (pH 10.5 to 10.8). A buffer solution (sodium nitrate-l,2-diamino-cyclohexane-N,N,N. AT-tetra-acetic acid-acetic acid pH 5.5) was then added to adjust the total ionic strength and the fluoride ions were determined by means of a solid membrane fluoride-selective electrode (Orion, model 94-09). Results were in close agreement with and more reproducible than those obtained after distillation [72]. Omission of the extraction led to lower results. Four determinations can be made in one hour. 

Buchberger et al. [104] carried out a selective determination of iodide in brine. The performance of a potentiometric method using an ion-selective electrode and of liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection at 230 nm were compared as methods for the determination of iodide in the presence of other iodide species. Satisfactory results were obtained from the potentiometric method provided the solution was first diluted tenfold with 5 M sodium nitrate, and external standards were used. Better reproducibility was, however, achieved with HPLC, provided precautions were taken to prevent reduction of iodine to iodide in the mobile phase, for which extraction of iodine with carbon tetrachloride prior to analysis was recommended. This was the pre-... 

In similar work, Sturgeon et al. [125] compared direct furnace methods with extraction methods for cadmium in coastal seawater samples. They could measure cadmium down to 0.1 pg/1. They used 10 pg/1 ascorbic acid as a matrix modifier. Various organic matrix modifiers were studied by Guevremont [116] for this analysis. He found citric acid to be somewhat preferable to EDTA, aspartic acid, lactic acid, and histidine. The method of standard additions was required. The standard deviation was better than 0.01 pg/1 in a seawater sample containing 0.07 pg/1. Generally, he charred at 300 °C and atomised at 1500 °C. This method required compromise between char and atomisation temperatures, sensitivity, heating rates, and so on, but the analytical results seemed precise and accurate. Nitrate added as sodium nitrate delayed the cadmium peak and suppressed the cadmium signal. 

Guggenheim A process for extracting sodium nitrate from caliche, a native sodium nitrate found in Chile. The ore is leached at 40°C with water containing controlled concentrations of magnesium and calcium sulfates. Operated on a large scale in Chile. See also Shanks. 

Shanks An obsolete process for extracting sodium nitrate from caliche, a Chilean mineral. The ore was leached with sodium chloride solution at 70°C and the sodium chloride and nitrate were separated by fractional crystallization. See also Guggenheim. 

For purification the crude product is boiled with glacial acetic acid (preferably in the extraction apparatus shown in Fig. 27). Fine red needles melting point 289°. Sublimation in a vacuum from a sausage flask is also to be recommended the sausage should be fixed low down and the bulb completely immersed in a nitrate bath (equal parts of potassium and sodium nitrates). Much poorer yields of alizarin are obtained by using an open round-bottomed flask at 189°-190°. 

Phase behavior 1n concentrated aqueous electrolyte systems is of interest for a variety of applications such as separation processes for complex salts, hydrometal 1urgical extraction of metals, interpretation of geological data and development of high energy density batteries. Our interest in developing simple thermodynamic correlations for concentrated salt systems was motivated by the need to interpret the complex solid-liquid equilibria which occur in the extraction of sodium nitrate from complex salt mixtures which occur in Northern Chile (Chilean saltpeter). However, we believe the thermodynamic approach can also be applied to other areas of technological interest. 

The behaviour of americium and curium in soil has been the subject of very few investigations. Hajek (42) observed that water and sodium nitrate (1 m) extracted americium from the soil to the extent of 7.5 % and 33% respectively. As noted earlier Knoll (40) extracted 100% of the americium in soil. 

With all solvents studied including cyclohexanol, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, heptavalent technetium is extracted most effectively from sodium sulfate and weakest from sodium nitrate or sodium perchlorate solutions. The data in Fig. 5 appear to be consistent with those on the solubilities of various sodium salts in pure tri-H-butyl phosphate. For example, the solubility of Na SO in TBP is extremely small compared with NaClO. ... 

Soda niter or sodium nitrate (NaNO ) is the most abundant of the nitrate minerals. It is used for fertilizer, explosives, and preservatives. The natural deposits are located in northern Chile, which was the original source for many years. More recently, nitrogen fixation, which extracts nitrogen from air, has been used for producing sodium nitrate. This synthetic process has greatly increased the availability of this useful sodium salt by ehminating the need for the natural source. It is used to preserve and cure meats and is used in photography, in pharmaceuticals, and as a color fixative in fabrics. 

Magnesium, potassium and sodium are extracted from the soil with 1 M ammonium nitrate. 

Iodine is produced in large scale from Chilean nitrate. Iodine occurs in this mineral as sodium iodate, NalOs. The iodate extract of the mineral becomes more concentrated in iodate after sodium nitrate crystaUizes out. The mother liquor is then treated with sodium bisulfite solution to give sodium iodide ... 

Brines of other compositions have been used to extract sodium nitrate from its ores. Many such processes, including the Shanks process practiced in the past to produce sodium nitrate, are now obsolete. 

Formerly all the iodine was made from the ash of seaweed, and potash was a remunerative appendix to the iodine industry but just as the Stassfurt salts killed those industries which extracted potash from other sources, so did the separation of iodine from the caliche mother-liquors threaten the industrial extraction of iodine from seaweed with extinction. Iodine in a very crude form was exported from Chili in 1874—e.g. a sample was reported with iodine 52-5 per cent. iodine chloride, 3-3 sodium iodate, 13 potassium and sodium nitrate and sulphate, 15 9 magnesium chloride, 0 4 insoluble matter, 1 5 water, 25-2 per cent. About that time much of the iodine was imported as cuprous iodide. This rendered necessary the purification of the Chilian product but now the iodine is purified in Chili before it is exported. The capacity of the Chilian nitre works for the extraction of iodine is greater than the world s demand. It is said that the existing Chilian factories could produce about 5100 tons of iodine per annum whereas the... 

Phenol may be nitrated with dilute nitric acid to yield a mixture of o- and p-nitrophenolsj the yield of p-nitrophenol is increased if a mixture of sodium nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid is employed. Upon steam distilling the mixture, the ortho isomer passes over in a substantially pure form the para isomer remains in the distillation flask, and can be readily isolated by extraction with hot 2 per cent, hydrochloric acid. The preparation of m-nitrophenol from m-nitroaniline by means of the diazo reaction is described in Section IV,70. 

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