Sulfuric acid reaction with sodium hydroxide

The pigments are obtained by preparing an aqueous solution of disodium hydrogenphosphate and adding a sodium molybdate solution (containing molybdenum trioxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide). Acidified with hydrochloric acid or with sulfuric acid, the reaction mixture is then added to an aqueous solution of the... 

Two of the reactions that are used in the industrial preparation of detergents are electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. First, a large hydrocarbon group is attached to a benzene ring by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction employing tetrapropene as the source of the carbocation electrophile. The resulting alkylbenzene is then sulfonated by reaction with sulfuric acid. Deprotonation of the sulfonic acid with sodium hydroxide produces the detergent. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label Poison SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by intramuscular route. Mutation data reported. Acute symptoms of exposure are headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness and stupor, cyanosis and methemoglobinemia. Chronic exposure can cause liver damage. Experimental reproductive effects. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. See NITRATES for explosion and disaster hazards. To fight fire, use water spray or mist, foam, dry chemical, CO2. Vigorous reaction with sulfuric acid above 200°C. Reaction with sodium hydroxide at 130°C under pressure may produce the explosive sodium-4-nitrophenoxide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also m-NITROANILINE, o-NITROANILINE, NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, and ANILINE DYES. 

Molybdenum does not dissolve in most common chemical reagents. A chemical reagent is a substance that takes part in a chemical reaction, such as an acid or an alkali. For example, molybdenum does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, or dilute sulfuric acid. These chemicals are reagents often used to test how reactive a substance is. Molybdenum does dissolve in hot strong sulfuric or nitric acids, however. The metal does not react with oxygen at room temperatures, but does react with oxygen at high temperatures. 

Alkali Fusion of /u-Benzenedisulfonic Acid. Even though this process like the previous one is a very ancient one, it is still the main route for the synthesis of resorcinol. It has been described in detail previously and does not seem to have drastically evolved since 1980. It involves the reaction of benzene with sulfuric acid to form y -benzenedisulfonic acid which is then converted to its disulfonate sodium salt by treatment with sodium sulfite. In a second step, this salt is heated to 350°C in the presence of sodium hydroxide yielding the sodium resorcinate and sodium sulfite. 

The sodium salt of CS [9005-22-5] is prepared by reaction of cellulose with sulfuric acid in alcohol followed by sodium hydroxide neutrali2ation (20). This water-soluble product yields relatively stable, clear, and highly viscous solutions. Introduced as a thickener for aqueous systems and an emulsion stabilizer, it is now of no economic significance. 

B. Cyclization. The above oil is poured dropwise into a well-stirred mixture of 110 ml. of 90% phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.75) and 23.4 ml. of sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.83) which is kept at —10°. The temperature is allowed to rise to 0-10°, and the stirring is continued for 2 hours. The viscous reaction mixture is poured into 500 ml. of ice and w ater, and the acid is partially neutralized with 300 ml. of 40% sodium hydroxide solution with efficient cooling. The viscous cream-colored oil is extracted with three 150-ml. portions of ether the ether extract is washed well with water and sodium bicarbonate solution to remove the last traces of acid and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The... 

B) A solution of (SM) (330 mg) in trifluoroacetic acid (7 ml) was kept under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes. Ether (100 ml) was added and the precipitate was filtered, washed thoroughly with ether and dried. This material (300 mg) was added in portions to concentrated sulfuric acid (18 ml) cooled at -20°C with vigorous stirring. After 15 minutes a solution of potassium bisulfate in concentrated sulfuric acid (408 mg in 3 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 75 minutes at -15°Cand then stored at -7°Cfor 285 minutes. The sulfuric acid solution was poured into cold ether (400 ml) precipitate was filtered, washed with cold ether, and suspended in cold water. Complete solution was then achieved by careful addition of 2N sodium hydroxide. Acidification with N hydrochloric acid led to the precipitation of the desired octapeptide sulfate ester. Yield 200 mg. 

Sodium 4-pyridinesulfonate has been obtained from the oxidation of 4 pyndinethiol with hydrogen peroxide in sodium hydroxide solution,15 and from the reaction of 4-chloropyridme with aqueous sodium sulfite16 The salt has been converted to the free acid by treatment with a cation-exchange resin 1011 or with sulfuric acid.11... 

The monazite sand is heated with sulfuric acid at about 120 to 170°C. An exothermic reaction ensues raising the temperature to above 200°C. Samarium and other rare earths are converted to their water-soluble sulfates. The residue is extracted with water and the solution is treated with sodium pyrophosphate to precipitate thorium. After removing thorium, the solution is treated with sodium sulfate to precipitate rare earths as their double sulfates, that is, rare earth sulfates-sodium sulfate. The double sulfates are heated with sodium hydroxide to convert them into rare earth hydroxides. The hydroxides are treated with hydrochloric or nitric acid to solubihze all rare earths except cerium. The insoluble cerium(IV) hydroxide is filtered. Lanthanum and other rare earths are then separated by fractional crystallization after converting them to double salts with ammonium or magnesium nitrate. The samarium—europium fraction is converted to acetates and reduced with sodium amalgam to low valence states. The reduced metals are extracted with dilute acid. As mentioned above, this fractional crystallization process is very tedious, time-consuming, and currently rare earths are separated by relatively easier methods based on ion exchange and solvent extraction. 

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. The most important reactions are the neutraliztion reactions with acids that form salts and water. Thus with sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, the corresponding sodium salts are obtained when solutions are evaporated for crystallization. Neutralization with weak acids forms basic salts. Reactions with organic acids produce their soluble sodium salts. 

Phenylacetamide has been obtained by a wide variety of reactions from benzyl cyanide with water at 250-260° 6 from benzyl cyanide with water and cadmium oxide at 240° 6 from benzyl cyanide with sulfuric acid 7 8 by saturation of an acetone solution of benzyl cyanide with potassium hydrosulfide 9 from benzyl cyanide with sodium peroxide 10 by electrolytic reduction of benzyl cyanide in sodium hydroxide 11 from ethyl phenyl-acetate with alcoholic 12 or aqueous 13 ammonia from phenyl-acetic acid with ammonium acetate 14 or urea 15 from diazoacetophenone with ammoniacal silver solution 16 from phenyl-acetic acid imino ether hydrochloride and water 17 from acetophenone with ammonium poly sulfide at 215° 18 from benzoic acid 19 and by heating the ammonium salt of phenyl-acetic acid.20... 

A portion of the reaction solution was acidified with sulfuric acid and steam-distilled into sodium hydroxide solution. The distillate was found to contain formaldehyde and formic acid. The formaldehyde was identified by precipitation with dimedone (31). The precipitate had a melting point of 186.0-86.5° C. as... 

Exercise 2-6 Write balanced equations for the reactions of (a) ammonia with sulfuric acid, (b) CH3CH2NH2 with sulfuric acid, (c) sodium hydroxide with ammonium... 

Of the large number of possible ways of synthesizing alkanesulfonates, only sulfochlorination of alkanes (conversion with sulfur dioxide and chlorine to form alkane sulfonyl chlorides and their saponification with sodium hydroxide Table 1, entry 10) and sulfoxidation (reaction with sulfur dioxide and oxygen and neutralization of the sulfonic acids Table 1, entry 11) are of industrial importance [18]. 

All reagents used for the synthesis of cations should be purified according to literature procedures before use [19]. Amines such as 1-alkylimidazoles or pyridines are typically distilled from sodium hydroxide or calcium hydride if dry amines are required and stored under dry nitrogen or argon at 0°C. Haloalkanes are washed with sulfuric acid until no further color is extracted into the acid layer and then neutralized with NaHCC>3 and deionized water prior to distillation from CaC j. All solvents used in the syntheses should be dried and distilled prior to use. In order to obtain colorless halide salts it is recommended to perform all reactions under a protective atmosphere of a dry inert gas in order to exclude moisture and oxygen from the reaction. 

Aryl tellurium trihalides were hydrolyzed with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The tellurinic acids were precipitated by acidification of the reaction mixture with acetic, hydrochloric1 or sulfuric acid4. 

Other acid chlorides of the type RCH2COCl can be similarly dehydrochlorinated. For example, caproyl chloride (1.2 moles) was converted into di-w-amyl ketone, b.p. 98-102°/15 mm., in 60-71.5% yield. In this case, it was found preferable to remove the amine salt from the reaction mixture by washing with 2% sulfuric acid. The butylketene dimer was then extracted from the reaction mixture by washing with 5% sodium hydroxide solution the alkaline solution was acidified with sulfuric acid and steam-distilled. The oily layer in the distillate was separated and fractionated. 

Bulk aluminum may undergo the following dangerous interactions exothermic reaction with butanol, methanol, 2-propanol, or other alcohols, sodium hydroxide to release explosive hydrogen gas. Reaction with diborane forms pyrophoric product. Ignition on contact with niobium oxide + sulfur. Explosive reaction with molten metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), sulfides, and sodium carbonate. Reaction with arsenic trioxide + sodium arsenate + sodium hydroxide produces the toxic arsine gas. Violent reaction with chlorine trifluoride, Incandescent reaction with formic acid. Potentially violent alloy formation with palladium, platinum at mp of Al, 600°C. Vigorous dissolution reaction in... 

The nitro group can be converted into other useful functional groups following conjugate addition. Reduction gives primary amines while hydrolysis reveals ketones. The hydrolysis is known as the Nef reaction and used to be achieved by formation of the nitro-stabilized anion with a base such as sodium hydroxide followed by hydrolysis with sulfuric acid. These conditions are rather unforgiving for many substrates (and products) so milder methods have been developed. One of these involves ozonolysis of the nitro enolate at low temperature rather than treatment with acid. 

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