Sodium hydroxide, reaction with

Bis[4-ethoxyphenyltelluro]methane was also isolated as the dibromomethane adduct (m.p. 154°) or as the diiodomethane adduct (m.p. 118°) from reaction mixtures consisting of the arenetellurolate, the dihalomethane and ethanol/benzene/aqueous sodium hydroxide . Reactions with dichloromethane gave products of indefinite composition . 

This Condensation should not be confused with the Claisen Reaction, which is the condensation of an aldehyde with (i) another aldehyde, or (ii) a ketone, under the influence of sodium hydroxide, and with the elimination of water. For details, see Diben zal-acetone. p, 231. 

Recall that the term kinetics refers to how the rate of a reaction varies with changes m concentration Consider the nucleophilic substitution m which sodium hydroxide reacts with methyl bromide to form methyl alcohol and sodium bromide... 

Aqueous solutions of caustic soda aie highly alkaline. Hence caustic soda is ptimatily used in neutralization reactions to form sodium salts (79). Sodium hydroxide reacts with amphotoric metals (Al, Zn, Sn) and their oxides to form complex anions such as AlO, ZnO. SnO ", and (or H2O with oxides). Reaction of AI2O2 with NaOH is the primary step during the extraction of alumina from bauxite (see Aluminum compounds) ... 

Methylene iodide [75-11-6], CH2I2, also known as diio dome thane, mol wt 267.87, 94.76% I, mp 6.0°C, and bp 181°C, is a very heavy colorless Hquid. It has a density of 3.325 g/mL at 20°C and a refractive index of 1.7538 at 4°C. It darkens in contact with air, moisture, and light. Its solubiHty in water is 1.42 g/100 g H2O at 20°C it is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ben2ene, and ether. Methylene iodide is prepared by reaction of sodium arsenite and iodoform with sodium hydroxide reaction of iodine, sodium ethoxide, and hydroiodic acid on iodoform the oxidation of iodoacetic acid with potassium persulfate and by reaction of potassium iodide and methylene chloride (124,125). Diiodoform is used for determining the density and refractive index of minerals. It is also used as a starting material in the manufacture of x-ray contrast media and other synthetic pharmaceuticals (qv). 

B. Cyclization. The above oil is poured dropwise into a well-stirred mixture of 110 ml. of 90% phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.75) and 23.4 ml. of sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.83) which is kept at —10°. The temperature is allowed to rise to 0-10°, and the stirring is continued for 2 hours. The viscous reaction mixture is poured into 500 ml. of ice and w ater, and the acid is partially neutralized with 300 ml. of 40% sodium hydroxide solution with efficient cooling. The viscous cream-colored oil is extracted with three 150-ml. portions of ether the ether extract is washed well with water and sodium bicarbonate solution to remove the last traces of acid and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The... 

The enamine (1 g) in 30 ml of benzene and 5 ml of toluene is treated, with cooling, with a solution of 0.33 g (1.04 eq.) of perbenzoic acid in 2.1 ml of benzene. The reaction is complete in a few minutes. Ether (30 ml) is added, then the solution is washed with 2 N sodium hydroxide and with water to neutrality, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. Crystallization from acetone gives 0.51 g of crude product mp 230°. One further crystallization from methanol gives 0.38 g (50%) of 3J5,17a-dihydroxy-5a-pregnan-20-one rap 265°. 

B) A solution of (SM) (330 mg) in trifluoroacetic acid (7 ml) was kept under nitrogen at room temperature for 15 minutes. Ether (100 ml) was added and the precipitate was filtered, washed thoroughly with ether and dried. This material (300 mg) was added in portions to concentrated sulfuric acid (18 ml) cooled at -20°C with vigorous stirring. After 15 minutes a solution of potassium bisulfate in concentrated sulfuric acid (408 mg in 3 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 75 minutes at -15°Cand then stored at -7°Cfor 285 minutes. The sulfuric acid solution was poured into cold ether (400 ml) precipitate was filtered, washed with cold ether, and suspended in cold water. Complete solution was then achieved by careful addition of 2N sodium hydroxide. Acidification with N hydrochloric acid led to the precipitation of the desired octapeptide sulfate ester. Yield 200 mg. 

The equilibrium of metals with molten sodium hydroxide and with fused alkali chlorides " has been studied in detail. Williams, Grand and Miller studied the reaction of molten sodium hydroxide with nickel. 

With potassium /m-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran, the dibromodihydro-3//-l-benzazepines 7 (R1 = H, F, Cl) undergo syn dehydrobromination to synthetically useful alkenyl bromides, e.g. 8 (R1 = Cl), accompanied by small amounts of debrominated materials, e.g, 9 (R1 = Cl), and the 3-fcrf-butyl ethers, e.g. 10b(R1 = Cl, R2 = -Bu).78 In contrast, with sodium hydroxide, or with sodium methoxide in dioxane/methanol, the yields of bromo compounds 8 decrease, and significant amounts of the methyl ethers, e.g. 10a (R1 = Cl R2 = Me), arc produced. A mechanistic rationale for these reactions has been offered. 

A very violent exothermic reaction occurred when heating a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution with hydroquinone. 

When acids and bases come into contact with one another, a chemical reaction called a neutralization reaction takes place. A neutralization reaction is a double displacement reaction. In a double displacement reaction, the positive ions from one reactant take the place of the positive ions in the other reactant. For example, if hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide react with one another, the positive sodium ion in sodium hydroxide will take the place of the hydrogen ion in the hydrochloric acid ... 

Background Thermochemistry is the study of heat changes and transfers associated with chemical reactions. In this thermochemical laboratory study, you will determine the enthalpy change that occurs when a strong base, sodium hydroxide, reacts with a strong acid, hydrochloric acid. Other mixtures studied will include ammonium chloride mixed with sodium hydroxide and ammonia mixed with hydrochloric acid. These three reactions are represented as ... 

The pigments are obtained by preparing an aqueous solution of disodium hydrogenphosphate and adding a sodium molybdate solution (containing molybdenum trioxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide). Acidified with hydrochloric acid or with sulfuric acid, the reaction mixture is then added to an aqueous solution of the... 

For the thermal isomerization of 2 to 1 [6] on the basis of kinetic data, it was suggested that at least 50% of 1 is formed via cyclopropene 3 as an intermediate [7] rather than a direct 1,3-H-shift as proposed before [8, 9]. Later theoretical calculations provided further support for that suggestion [10], A number of other publications, some of them with basic catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, deal with this reaction [11-17]. Furthermore, 2 can be isomerized to 1 by a stoichiometric reacion with [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] and subsequent treatment with NaS2CNMe2 [18]. The 1,1-bisdeuterated 2 has also been investigated [19]. 

In general, ketones don t undergo oxidation however, methyl ketones undergo a haloform reaction. In a haloform reaction, the oxidation converts the methyl group to a haloform molecule (usually iodoform (CHI3)), which leaves the Ccirbon backbone one carbon atom shorter. The oxidant in a haloform reaction is sodium hypohalite (NaOX), which forms by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a halogen (X, where X = Cl, Br, or 1). 

The reaction actually involves the sodium salt of bisphenol A since polymerization is carried out in the presence of an equivalent of sodium hydroxide. Reaction temperatures are in the range 50-95°C. Side reactions (hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin, reaction of epichlorohydrin with hydroxyl groups of polymer or impurities) as well as the stoichiometric ratio need to be controlled to produce a prepolymer with two epoxide end groups. Either liquid or solid prepolymers are produced by control of molecular weight typical values of n are less than 1 for liquid prepolymers and in the range 2-30 for solid prepolymers. 

To a flask containing 250 ml (2.74 moles) of n-butanol is added 37.8 gm (0.3 mole) of V,.V-diisopropylcyanamide. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is slowly added, while the temperature is kept at 25°C, to saturate the reaction mixture (1.0-1.1 equivalents of hydrogen chloride are satisfactory) [41]. After standing for 1-15 days the mixture is made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, extracted with benzene, and distilled to afford 23.3 gm (39 %), b.p. 62°C (0.2 mm), n 1.4491, dj5 0.9005. 

Find the solubilities of calcium carbonate and hydroxide from the relevant tables. Write the equations of the reactions. Explain the course of this process. Can this method be used to prepare a sodium hydroxide solution with a high concentration Can a similar method be used to prepare potassium hydroxide ... 

Test the reaction of dilute and concentrated hydrochloric, nitric, and acetic acids, and also of a 10% sodium hydroxide solution with metallic lead (in the cold and with heating). Explain the occurring phenomena and write the equations of the reactions. 

---