Sodium hydroxide reactions

Methylene iodide [75-11-6], CH2I2, also known as diio dome thane, mol wt 267.87, 94.76% I, mp 6.0°C, and bp 181°C, is a very heavy colorless Hquid. It has a density of 3.325 g/mL at 20°C and a refractive index of 1.7538 at 4°C. It darkens in contact with air, moisture, and light. Its solubiHty in water is 1.42 g/100 g H2O at 20°C it is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ben2ene, and ether. Methylene iodide is prepared by reaction of sodium arsenite and iodoform with sodium hydroxide reaction of iodine, sodium ethoxide, and hydroiodic acid on iodoform the oxidation of iodoacetic acid with potassium persulfate and by reaction of potassium iodide and methylene chloride (124,125). Diiodoform is used for determining the density and refractive index of minerals. It is also used as a starting material in the manufacture of x-ray contrast media and other synthetic pharmaceuticals (qv). 

The reaction actually involves the sodium salt of bisphenol A since polymerization is carried out in the presence of an equivalent of sodium hydroxide. Reaction temperatures are in the range 50-95°C. Side reactions (hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin, reaction of epichlorohydrin with hydroxyl groups of polymer or impurities) as well as the stoichiometric ratio need to be controlled to produce a prepolymer with two epoxide end groups. Either liquid or solid prepolymers are produced by control of molecular weight typical values of n are less than 1 for liquid prepolymers and in the range 2-30 for solid prepolymers. 

Procedure B. Solubilization with NaOH-ethanol was done following the procedures developed by Ouchi et al (11,12). In each experiment 24 grams of coal was reacted with 120 grams of ethanol and 40 grams of sodium hydroxide. Reactions were conducted in a stirred autoclave at 300°C and at 320°C, using a processing time of 100 minutes after the reaction temperature was reached. At the completion of the reaction, the reactor was cooled to room temperature. Distilled, deionized water was introduced inside the reactor, and the product was collected in two forms ... 

The number of ml. of 0.1 iV iodine minus the number of ml. of 0.1 N thiosulfate, and the number of ml. of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide minus the number of ml. of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid give the respective quantities of 0.1 A iodine and 0.1 JV sodium hydroxide used in the oxidation of the sugar. One millimole of the sugar (0.15 g. of D-xylose) requires for oxidation 20 ml. of 0.1 N iodine and 30 ml. of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (reaction 14, page 157). Either iodine or alkali consumed, or both as checks, may be used to calculate the amount of aldose present. 

Methylation of 2-amino-3-hydroxypyrazine (62) with methyl iodide and sodium methoxide afforded 3-amino-l-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrazine (63), and when an excess of methyl iodide was used, a mixture of compound (63) and its methio-dide (64) was isolated. Reaction with dimethyl sulfate and alkaU gave compound (63) and l,4-dimethyl-2,3-dioxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine (66) the latter was presumed to be formed by hydrolysis of an intermediate quaternary salt since it was also obtained by treatment of the methiodide (64) with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Reaction of 2-amino-3-hydroxypyrazine with ethereal diazomethane produced a mixture of N- and 0-methyl derivatives, (63) and 2-amino-3-methoxy-pyrazine (65). With methyl toluene-p-sulfonate the quaternary salt 2-amino-3-hydroxy-1-methylpyrazinium toluenesulfonate (67) was obtained on alkaline hydrolysis it gave 3-hydroxy-l-methyl-2-oxo-l,2-dihydropyrazine (68) (832). Pulcherriminic acid with diazomethane gave a dimethyl derivative (99). 

Bis[4-ethoxyphenyltelluro]methane was also isolated as the dibromomethane adduct (m.p. 154°) or as the diiodomethane adduct (m.p. 118°) from reaction mixtures consisting of the arenetellurolate, the dihalomethane and ethanol/benzene/aqueous sodium hydroxide . Reactions with dichloromethane gave products of indefinite composition . 

Classify the base-catalyzed (sodium hydroxide) reaction below into one of the four archetypes, and list the possible paths. Using the path restrictions, pick the only path or common path combination that fits for this reaction. Notice how this analysis process turns what appears to be an open-ended problem into a multiple-choice problem. Write out all the steps of the mechanism. 

When deriving net-ionic equations, be certain to start with a balanced formula equation. That way, you will end up with a balanced net-ionic equation. The formula, ionic and net-ionic equations for the reaction between hydrochloric and calcium hydroxide appear below. The net-ionic equation shows that acid-base neutralization here is the same reaction seen in the nitric add-sodium hydroxide reaction. 

Reactions of the amphoteric metals zinc and aluminum with dilute aqueous alkali, to form zincates or aluminates, are also a convenient source of hydrogen. Electrolysis of dilute mineral acids may be used to obtain hydrogen but care must be taken to avoid mixing with the oxygen released at the anode as this leads to explosive mixtures. Industrially, hydrogen is obtained as a by-product of the electrolytic cells used in the production of sodium hydroxide (reaction of the Na/Hg amalgam with water), or by the water-gas route in which steam is decomposed by hot coke. 

The monomer NajS can be prepared from the reaction of aqueous sodium hydrosulfide and aqueous sodium hydroxide (reaction 25), followed by dehydration (reaction 26)... 

Borane-hydrogen peroxide sodium hydroxide Reaction of carbon monoxide with hydroborated ethylene derivs. 

Reactions 7-Sl through 7-54 occur in the absorber. It is desirable that reaction 7-54 be maximized in order to capture as much SO2 as possible per unit of regenerated sodium hydroxide. Reaction 7-53 is an undesirable but unavoidable side reaction. However, oxidation of sulrite to sulfate is not as s ous in Ibis process as in many other aqueous systems since it does not interfere with the process chemistry or result in a loss of absorbent. Reactions 7-55 and 7-56 represent the SO2 release stq>. Both reactions result in the formation of sulfur dioxide gas and sodium sulfate in solution. The final reaction, 7-57, depicts the overall result of electrolysis. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are produced at the cathode, while sulfuric acid and oxygen are produced at the anode. The sodium hydroxide is recycled to the absorber, and the sulfuric acid is used to liberate SO2 from the rich solution. Sulfur dioxide represents the principal product of the process. 

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