Sodium dietary

Erqocalciferol Riboflavin-5 -phosphate sodium dietary supplement, multivitamin capsules Thiamine nitrate... 

Sodium free Free of sodium, Zero sodium, Without sodium, Trivial source of sodium, Negligible source of sodium, Dietary insignificant source of sodium The food contains less than 5 mg of sodium per reference amount customarily consumed and per labeled serving... 

Sodium chloride [7647-14-5] is an essential dietary component. It is necessary for proper acid—base balance and for electrolyte transfer between the iatra-and extracellular spaces. The adult human requirement for NaCl probably ranges between 5—8 g/d. The normal diet provides something ia excess of 10 g/d NaCl, and adding salt duting cooking or at the table iacreases this iatake. 

Sodium and Hypertension. Salt-free or low salt diets often are prescribed for hypertensive patients (57). However, sodium chloride increases the blood pressure in some individuals but not in others. Conversely, restriction of dietary NaCl lowers the blood pressure of some hypertensives, but not of others. Genetic factors and other nutrients, eg, Ca " and K", may be involved. The optimal intakes of Na" and K" remain to be estabUshed... 

Research Needs for Estabhshing Dietary Guidelines for Sodium" in Teseanh NeedsforHstablishing Dietary Guidelinesfor the U.T Population, The National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1979. 

Salt Substitutes. As a result of concern about the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension, some salt producers and food companies have developed salt substitutes or low sodium products. Mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, herbs and spices, as well as modified salt crystals of lower density are marketed in response to a limited consumer demand for reduced-sodium products. This amounts to about 2% of user salt purchases. 

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Vitamin D withdrawal is an obvious treatment for D toxicity (219). However, because of the 5—7 d half-life of plasma vitamin D and 20—30 d half-life of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, it may not be immediately successful. A prompt reduction in dietary calcium is also indicated to reduce hypercalcemia. Sodium phytate can aid in reducing intestinal calcium transport. Calcitonin glucagon and glucocorticoid therapy have also been reported to reduce semm calcium resulting from D intoxication (210). 

Fiber components are the principal energy source for colonic bacteria with a further contribution from digestive tract mucosal polysaccharides. Rate of fermentation varies with the chemical nature of the fiber components. Short-chain fatty acids generated by bacterial action are partiaUy absorbed through the colon waU and provide a supplementary energy source to the host. Therefore, dietary fiber is partiaUy caloric. The short-chain fatty acids also promote reabsorption of sodium and water from the colon and stimulate colonic blood flow and pancreatic secretions. Butyrate has added health benefits. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for the colonocytes and has been shown to promote normal colonic epitheUal ceU differentiation. Butyric acid may inhibit colonic polyps and tumors. The relationships of intestinal microflora to health and disease have been reviewed (10). 

HAGUE A, MANNING A M, HANLON K A, HUSCHTSCHA L I, HART D, PARASKEVA C (1993) Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53-independent pathway impUcations for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large-bowel cancer. /ni J Cancer. 55 498-505. 

Diets high in red meat and low in green vegetables have been associated with increased colon cancer risk and the opposite has been postulated for diets rich in green vegetables. A plausible explanation for an increased colon cancer risk is that dietary haem is metabolized in the gut to a factor that increases colonic cytotoxicity and hyperproliferation, which are considered important risk factors in the development of cancer. In this sense, it has been shown that spinach and isolated natural chlorophyll, but not sodium-copper chlorophyUin, prevented the proliferation of colonic cells and may therefore reduce colon cancer risk. It has been speculated that haem and chlorophylls, due to their hydrophobicity, form a complex, thus preventing the metabolism of haem. ... 

Consider dietary, fluid, and medication sodium sources... 

Dietary sodium restriction Reduce dietary sodium intake to no more than 100 mmol per day (2.4 g sodium or 6 g sodium chloride) 2-8 mm Hg... 

Nonpharmacologic treatment involves dietary modifications such as sodium and fluid restriction, risk factor reduction including smoking cessation, timely immunizations, and supervised regular physical activity. 

HF medications deserves special attention, as it is the most common cause of acute decompensation and can be prevented. As such, an accurate history regarding diet, food choices, and the patient s knowledge regarding sodium and fluid intake (including alcohol) is valuable in assessing dietary indiscretion. Nonadherence with medical recommendations such as laboratory and other appointment follow-up can also be indicative of non-adherence with diet or medications. 

All patients with ascites require counseling on dietary sodium restriction. Salt intake should be limited to less than 800 mg sodium (2 g sodium chloride) per day. More stringent restriction may cause faster mobilization of ascitic fluid, but adherence to such strict limits is very difficult. Patients usually respond well to sodium restriction accompanied by diuretic therapy.14,22,31,32 The goal of therapy is to achieve urinary sodium excretion of at least 78 mEq (78 mmol) per day.22 While a 24-hour urine collection provides this information, a spot urine sodium/ potassium ratio greater than 1.0 provides the same information and is much less cumbersome to perform. 

Measure spot urine sodium/potassium ratio to assess adherence to dietary sodium restrictions. 

Assess dietary sodium intake by patient food recall or by spot urine sodium/potassium ratio for appropriate sodium excretion. 

Provide education regarding dietary sodium restrictions at each visit consider a referral to a dietician if appropriate. 

After absorption in the small bowel, remaining undigested food passes from the ileum through the ileocecal valve to the colon. A major role of the colon is absorption of fluid. Some of the water and sodium absorption achieved by the colon is facilitated by short-chain fatty acids (SFCAs) formed from digestion of certain dietary fibers by colonic bacterial enzymes. 

Massey, L. K., Wise, K. J., The effect of dietary caffeine on urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in healthy young females, Nutrition Research, 4, 43, 1984. 

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