Dietary influences sodium

Sodium, potassium and chloride are the primary dietary ions that influence the electrolytic balance and acid-base status, and the proper dietary balance of sodium, potassium and chloride is necessary for growth, bone development, eggshell quality and AA utilization. Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the body after calcium and phosphorus, and is the most abundant mineral in muscle tissue. It is involved in electrolyte balance and neuromuscular function. The content of potassium in poultry diets is usually adequate. Chloride is present in gastric juice and chlorine is part of the HC1 molecule which assists in the breakdown of feed in the proventriculus. Sodium is essential for nerve membrane stimulation and ionic transport across cell membranes. Signs of sodium, potassium or chloride deficiency include reduced appetite, poor growth, dehydration and increased mortality. 

Influence Of Dietary Addition On Weight Gain In Rats Fed 5% Sodium Cyclamate... 

Pehrson, B., Ortman, K., Madjid, N., and Trahkowska, U. 1999. The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of suckler cows and the selenium status of their calves. J. Anim. Sci. 77(12), 3371-3376. 

The major fraction of iron in wheat bran is monoferric phytate, which is soluble and equilibrates with the miscible dietary nonheme iron pool of a meal. The di- and tetra-ferric phytates are much less soluble than monoferric phytate and probably do not equilibrate with the miscible nonheme iron pool of a meal. Bioavailability studies using either ferric phytate or sodium phytate must be evaluated in light of the form of ferric phytate or whether an insoluble ferric phytate may have been produced in the food. Wheat bran depresses absorption of dietary nonheme iron by humans. On the basis of available evidence, that effect of wheat bran cannot be unequivocally attributed to either the phytate or fiber component alone and might be influenced by interactions between the fiber, phytate and iron in the whole bran. Adult men maintained adequate positive iron balance when they consumed 36 g of whole bran each... 

These results are consistent with an aberration in central osmoreceptor or sodium sensor or ANG Il-sensitive mechanisms that influence body fluid and sodium homeostasis. The results of this study suggest a potential requirement for n-3 PUFAs, early in life, for normal development and neural function. Evidence that early dietary n-3 PUFA... 

Dietary levels of selenium and the individual s selenium nutritional status are the most important factors that influence the route and rate of selenium excretion. Selenium excretion in expired air is only significant when exposures to selenium are high. Rats injected subcutaneously with sodium selenite at doses of 2.2-5.4 mg selenium/kg excreted 41-62% of the administered selenium in exhaled air, whereas rats injected with sodium selenite at doses of 0.005-0.9 mg selenium/kg excreted only 0.2-11% of the administered selenium in expired air (McConnell and Roth 1966 Olson et al. 1963). As the amount of administered sodium selenite increased, the percent of the administered selenium excreted in the urine decreased (from approximately 22-33% of the administered selenium at doses of 0.005-0.9 mg selenium/kg to 3-14% of the administered selenium at doses of 3.1-5.4 mg selenium/kg) (McConnel and Roth 1966). Selenium in the feces was not measured in this study. Burk et al. (1972) found that as the dietary level of sodium selenite was increased, a larger proportion of an injected tracer dose of selenium (as sodium selenite) was excreted. At a dietary level of 0.005 mg selenium/kg, approximately 60% of the injected selenium had been excreted in the first 35 days following administration. At a dietary level of 0.05 mg selenium/kg, over 94% of the injected selenium had been excreted over the same period of time. 

The two most important factors influencing the uptake of radionuclide in thyroid remnant or cancer are represented by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-induced sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression (Pacini et al., 2005 Fagin, 1998 Robbins et al., 2001), and dietary and/or pharmacological depletion of iodide. 

The dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) for ruminants and the electrolyte balance (EB) for monogastrics characterise the acidifying or alkalising potential of a feed material or diet It is a simple calculation integrating the ions that have the greatest influence on the acid-base equilibrium potassium and sodium are alkalising , and chlorine and sulphur are acidifying . Sulphur is not taken into account in the calculation of EB. 

Aspirin is known to cause serious reactions in certain patients with asthma (Cooke 1919). The patients can also have rhinorrhea and nasal polyps that may precede the bronchoconstrictor type of intolerance to aspirin for months or years. This triad of symptoms is common in middle-aged women. The aspirin-sensitive patients often show intolerance to other analgesics (Smith 1971). Speer (1958) reported that color additives can precipitate asthma. Aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma also cross-react to tartrazine in 8%-15% of the cases (Chafee and Setti-PANE 1967 Samter and Beers 1967 Hosen 1972 Settipane and Pudupakkam 1975 Delaney 1976) and to various benzoates (Juhlin et al. 1972 Rosenhall and Zetterstrom 1973). Hypersensitivity to food colorants, preservatives, and analgesics was studied in 504 patients with asthma and rhinitis by Rosenhall (1977). Hypersensitivity to at least one of the substances was found in 106 patients. In 33 patients sensitive to tartrazine 42% were intolerant to aspirin and 39% to sodium benzoate. Rosenhall also tested his patients with other azo dyes such as Sunset Yellow and New Coccine as well as the non-azo dyes carmine and patent blue. The method of examination and reproducibility of the results were studied in detail. Dietary treatment was found to be effective in some patients in preventing exacerbations of the disease but on the whole had no influence on the course of the disease or the need for medication. 

Such a hydrolysis is termed saponification since it produces soaps, which are sodium and potassium salts of the fatty acids. The process of fat breakdown may take place naturally xmder the influence of enzymes, collectively known as lipases, when it is termed lipolysis.The enzymes may have a certain specificity and preferentially catalyse hydrolysis at particular positions in the molecule. Removal of the fatty acid residue attached to carbon atom 2 of an acylglycerol is more difficult than those at positions 1 and 3. Under natural conditions, the products of lipolysis are usually mixtures of mono- and diacylglycerols with free fatty acids. Most of these acids are odourless and tasteless, but some of the lower ones, particularly butyric and caproic, have extremely powerful tastes and smells when such a breakdown takes place in an edible fat, it may frequently be rendered completely imacceptable to the consumer. The lipases are mostly derived from bacteria and moulds, which are chiefly responsible for this type of spoilage, commonly referred to as randdity. Extensive lipolysis of dietary fats takes place in the duodenum and during their absorption from the small intestine. Lipolysis also precedes the hydrogenation of fats in the rumen, and the oxidation of fats in the body. 

Kempner (101,102) studied the influence of a rice diet on kidney disease and hypertension. The diet used contained in 2000 cal. about 5 g. fat, 20 g. protein derived from rice and fruit, and not more than 0.15 g. sodium. Of 222 patients with hypertensive vascular disease, improved. The mechanism by which these dietary measures lower blood pressure is not fully understood. Grollman and Harrison (67) consider the restriction of the sodium intake as the decisive factor. They found that the feeding of potatoes, peanuts, soybeans, or rice led to a decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats. No decline in pressure was observed, however, if 1-2% sodium chloride was added to the diet. Potassium chloride did not interfere with the lowering of the blood pressure. In six... 

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