Sodium dietary intake

Treatment of asymptomatic hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia involves correction of the underlying cause and restriction of water intake to less than 1,000 to 1,200 mL/day. Dietary intake of sodium chloride should be restricted to 1,000 to 2,000 mg/day. 

B. Selenium in the form of selenocysteine is required for three enzymes that remove iodide from thyroid hormones. There are no signihcant areas in which dietary intake of sodium or potassium are problems. Fluorine deficiency is not associated with thyroid hormone metabolism. 

Why might softened water not be good for persons trying to reduce their dietary sodium-ion intake ... 

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are electrolytes found in cow s milk for which the Food and Nutrition Board has estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes for infants, children and adolescents, and adults (NAS 1980A). Sodium functions in the body to maintain blood volume and cellular osmotic pressure and to transmit nerve impulses (NAS 1980A). The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of sodium is 1100-3300 mg (2.8-8.4 g sodium chloride) for healthy adults (NAS 1980A). The American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs (1979), suggested 4800 mg sodium per day as a tentative definition of moderation in sodium intake. 

Restriction of the molybdenum intake by young rats in a synthetic purified casein diet results in a decreased level of tissue, particularly small intestinal, xanthine oxidase. The enzyme levels arc rest tired to normal by the inclusion of sodium molybdate and other molybdate compounds. Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdate, and dietary intakes of tungstate greatly reduce the molybdenum and xanthine oxidase concentrations in tissues. 

Chronic heart failure is typically managed by reduction in physical activity, low dietary intake of sodium (less than 1500 mg sodium per day), and treatment with vasodilators, diuretics and inotropic agents. Drugs that may precipitate or exacerbate CHF—nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, (3-blockers, calcium channel-blockers and some antiarrhythmic drugs—should be avoided if possible. Patients with CHF complain of dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue, and dependent edema. 

Some antacid mixtures contain sodium, which may not be readily apparent from the name of the preparation. Thus they may be dangerous for patients with cardiac or renal disease. For example, a 10 ml dose of magnesium carbonate mixture or of magnesium trisilicate mixture contains about 6 mmol of sodium (normal daily dietary intake is approx. 120 mmol of sodium). 

Adequate dietary intakes of sodium and chloride for the adult are estimated to be 1.1-1.3 and t.7-5.1 g per day, respectively. These dietary salts are needed to replace obligatory losses in the urine and small losses in the sweat. Most of the sodium and chloride ions in the diet are absorbed by the jejunum and ileum only about 5% is lost in the fcccs. 

Absorption of vitamin C from the small intestine is a carrier-mediated process that requires sodium at the luminal surface. Transport is most rapid in the ileum and resembles the sodium-dependent transport of sugars and amino acids, but the carrier is distinct for each class of compound. Some ascorbate may also enter by simple diffusion. With dietary intake less than 100 mg/d, efficiency of absorption is 80-90%. With intake equal to the RDA, plasma ascorbate is 0.7-1.2 mg/dL, and the ascorbate pool size is 1500 mg. Scurvy becomes evident when the pool is less than 300 mg, at which point plasma ascorbate is 0.13-0.24 mg/dL. Highest tissue concentrations of ascorbate are in the adrenal gland (cortex > medulla). 

Regular, frequent, and small balanced meals with complete proteins, essential fatty acids, and complex carbohydrates Low dietary intake of fat and sodium Caffeine restriction Regular exercise Smoking cessation Alcohol restriction Regular sleep... 

It has been estimated that the average American ingests 7.5-10 g of salt (NaCl) each day. Because NaCl is about 40% (by mass) sodium ions, this amounts to 3-4 g of sodium daily. Until 1989 the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council s defined estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDl) of sodium ion was 1.1-3.3 g. Clearly, Americans exceed this recommendation. 

The Food and Nutrition Board has removed the three electrolytes from its table of estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake because sufficient information is not available to establish a recommended amount. The major dietary source of sodium and chloride is table salt (40% sodium and 60% chloride). Physicians still recommend that the intake of sodium be restricted to 1-2 g daily. The recommended intake of chloride is approximately 1.7-5.1 g daily. However, getting enough sodium and chloride is not a problem. In fact, sodium intake in the United States is about 5-7 g/day, far in excess of the 1-2 g/day required by a normal adult. 

Copper is recognized as an essential metalloelement like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, vanadium and manganese [1]. Like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and essential cofactors (vitamins), essential metalloelements are required for normal metabolic processes but cannot be synthesized de novo and daily dietary intake and absorption are required. The adult body contains between 1.4 mg (22 pmol) and... 

Wheeler EF, El-Neil H, Willson JOC and Weiner JS (1973) The effect of work level and dietary intake on water balance and the excretion of sodium, potassium and iron in a hot dimate. Br J Nutr 30 127-137. 

Committee also noted that the new data submitted provide additional evidence that dietary intake of sodium iron EDTA has no adverse effects on the absorption of other minerals, such as zinc. 

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