Sodium chlorate hydroxide

Basic oxides of metals such as Co, Mn, Fe, and Cu catalyze the decomposition of chlorate by lowering the decomposition temperature. Consequendy, less fuel is needed and the reaction continues at a lower temperature. Cobalt metal, which forms the basic oxide in situ, lowers the decomposition of pure sodium chlorate from 478 to 280°C while serving as fuel (6,7). Composition of a cobalt-fueled system, compared with an iron-fueled system, is 90 wt % NaClO, 4 wt % Co, and 6 wt % glass fiber vs 86% NaClO, 4% Fe, 6% glass fiber, and 4% BaO. Initiation of the former is at 270°C, compared to 370°C for the iron-fueled candle. Cobalt hydroxide produces a more pronounced lowering of the decomposition temperature than the metal alone, although the water produced by decomposition of the hydroxide to form the oxide is thought to increase chlorine contaminate levels. Alkaline earths and transition-metal ferrates also have catalytic activity and improve chlorine retention (8). 

Perchlorates. Historically, perchlorates have been produced by a three-step process (/) electrochemical production of sodium chlorate (2) electrochemical oxidation of sodium chlorate to sodium perchlorate and (4) metathesis of sodium perchlorate to other metal perchlorates. The advent of commercially produced pure perchloric acid directly from hypochlorous acid means that several metal perchlorates can be prepared by the reaction of perchloric acid and a corresponding metal oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate. 

The cleavage products of several sulfonates are utilized on an industrial scale (Fig. 3). The fusion of aromatic sulfonates with sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2J and other caustic alkalies produces phenohc salts (see Alkylphenols Phenol). Chlorinated aromatics are produced by treatment of an aromatic sulfonate with hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate [7775-09-9J. Nitriles (qv) (see Supplement) can be produced by reaction of a sulfonate with a cyanide salt. Arenesulfonates can be converted to amines with the use of ammonia. This transformation is also rather facile using mono- and dialkylamines. 

Chlorate. Conversion to metal anodes has also taken place in this process. Sodium hydroxide, which is formed at the cathode, reacts to form the sodium chlorate product (see Alkali and chlorine products). 

The commercial manufacture of sodium chlorite is based almost entirely on the reduction of chlorine dioxide gas in a sodium hydroxide solution containing hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1] as the reducing agent. The chlorine dioxide is generated from the chemical or electrochemical reduction of sodium chlorate under acidic conditions. 

Kvaerner Chemetics have developed a novel, patented process [1] for the removal of multivalent anions from concentrated brine solutions. The prime market for this process is the removal of sodium sulphate from chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate brine systems. The sulphate ion in a brine solution can have a detrimental effect on ion-exchange membranes used in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide consequently tight limits are imposed on the concentration of sulphate ions in brine. As brine is continuously recycled from the electrolysers back to the saturation area, progressively more and more sulphate ions are dissolved and build up quickly in concentration to exceed the allowable process limits. A number of processes have been designed to remove sulphate ions from brine. Most of these methods are either high in capital or operating cost [2] or have large effluent flows. 

Grayish-white metal hody-centered cubic crystalline structure density 19.3 g/cm3 melts at 3,422°C vaporizes at 5,555°C vapor pressure 1 torr at 3,990°C electrical resistivity 5.5 microhm-cm at 20°C modulus of elasticity about 50 to 57 x lO psi (single crystal) Poisson s ratio 0.17 magnetic sus-ceptibilty +59 x 10-6 thermal neutron absorption cross section 19.2 + 1.0 barns (2,200m/sec) velocity of sound, about 13,000 ft/sec insoluble in water practically insoluble in most acids and alkabes dissolves slowly in hot concentrated nitric acid dissolves in saturated aqueous solution of sodium chlorate and basic solution of potassium ferricyanide also solubibzed by fusion with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate in the presence of potassium nitrate followed by treatment with water... 

Nitric acid, Sulfuric acid, Phloroglucinol, Hydrochloric acid Sodium chlorate. Copper sulfate. Ammonium hydroxide. Alcohol Sodium chlorate. Copper sulfate. Ammonium hydroxide. Alcohol Sulfuric acid. Potassium nitrate, 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene, Methylene chloride. Hexane, Charcoal, Sodium sulfate, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanone, Potassium hydrogen carbonate, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Trifluoroacetic acid. Urea, Dimethylformamide Nitric acid. Urine... 

TTCC Sodium chlorate. Copper sulfate. Ammonium hydroxide. Alcohol Improvised military propellant ... 

Ammonia gas, Carbon dioxide, Sodium chlorate Ammonia, Carbon dioxide. Sodium chlorate Hydrogen cyanide. Hydrocyanic acid. Prussic acid, Blausaure Hydrochloric acid. Methanol, ADNB, Methylene chloride. Nitric acid. Sodium bicarbonate. Magnesium sulfate 4,4-DNB, Methylene chloride. Magnesium sulfate. Sodium azide. Sodium hydroxide. Acetyl chloride. Ethyl acetate. Hexane TetranUine, Glacial acetic acid. Sodium azide Ammonium nitrate, TNT Sodium azide. Ammonia... 

Nitric acid. Sulfuric acid, 3,5-DichloranUine Hypochlorites (calciirm/sodium). Glycerin Hydrochloric acid. Aluminum metal Sodium hydroxide. Aluminum metal Sodium chlorate. Fuel oil Aluminum, Sulfur, Starch Sugar, Sodium peroxide... 

G. S. Serullas treated potassium chlorate with an excess of hydrofluosilicic acid the clear liquid was decanted from the sparingly soluble potassium fluosilicate, the soln. evaporated below 30°, and filtered through glass powder J. J. Berzelius evaporated the acid liquid mixed with finely divided silica below 30° in air, or over cone, sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide in vacuo. The excess of hydrofluoric acid was volatilized as silicon fluoride, and the clear liquid was then filtered from the excess of silica. R. Bottger treated sodium chlorate with oxalic acid whereby sparingly soluble sodium oxalate was formed J. L. Wheeler, and T. B. Munroe treated sodium chlorate with hydrofluosilicic acid and M. Brandau treated potassium chlorate with aluminium sulphate and sulphuric acid and precipitated the alum so formed with alcohol. Chloric acid is formed in many reactions with hypochlorous and chlorous acid for example, it is formed when an aq. soln. of chlorine or hypochlorous or chlorous acid decomposes in light. It is also formed when an aq. soln. of chlorine dioxide stands in darkness or in light. A mixture of alkali chlorate and chlorite is formed when an aq. soln. of an alkali hydroxide is treated with chlorine dioxide. 

The solubility of potassium chlorate is depressed by the addition of other potassium salts, or by the addition of other chlorates F. Winteler, and T. Schlosing have measured the solubility of potassium chlorate in potassium chloride soln. and of sodium chlorate in soln. of sodium chloride. In accord with the general rule, the solubility is diminished by the addition of a salt with a common ion. S. Arrhenius measured the solubility of potassium chlorate in aq. soln. of potassium nitrate and C. Blarez in aq. soln. of potassium bromide, chloride, iodide, nitrate, sulphate, oxalate, and hydroxide H. T. Calvert, and J. N. Bronsted in an aq. soln. of the last-named compound. H. T. Calvert also measured the solubility of potassium... 

Na8H2I06) is prepared in about 22g yield by the procedure given in (I) for the potassium salt (97-98% pure), by use of l2.5g of sodium chlorate and 14g of solid sodium hydroxide. Chlorine is passed in until the solution has become approximately neutral and the gas is no longer absorbed. 

Sodium carbonate, crystal II Sodium chlorate III Sodium chloride III Sodium hydroxide II, III, IV... 

Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly called bleach, is a light yellowish liquid with a characteristic chlorine-like odor. It is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is used extensively in disinfections and decontamination procedures. It is quite stable at room temperature, but decomposes when heated forming sodium chlorate and salt. It can be easily prepared using a diaphragm cell, or by passing chlorine gas into a cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. 

Summary Sodium chlorate can be made using an electrochemical process whereby pickling salt is electrolyzed under slightly different conditions then as in the preparation of bleach. During the process, some chlorine gas is evolved at the anode, and sodium hydroxide is liberated at the cathode. As the process proceeds, the chlorine reacts with the sodium hydroxide forming sodium hypochlorite (bleach) this bleach then spontaneous oxidizes under heat to form sodium chlorate and sodium chloride. Some chlorine gas does escape, so use proper ventilation when carrying out this operation. 

Cupric acetate, polluted atmosphere, sodium chlorate, sodium formate, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium sulfate sulphide and sodium tungstate SCC of alloys C26000 C44300 > C70600 Brass Admiralty brass... 

Chlor-alkali production — With a 63% production volume of the total world chlorine capacity of about 43.4 million tons (in 1998), the chlor-alkali (or chlorine-caustic) industry is one of the largest electrochemical technologies in the world. Chlorine, Cl2, with its main co-product sodium hydroxide, NaOH, has been produced on industrial scale for more than a century by -> electrolysis of brine, a saturated solution of sodium chloride (-> alkali chloride electrolysis). Today, they are among the top ten chemicals produced in the world. Sodium chlorate (NaC103) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, bleach ) are important side products of the... 

The chemical category of inorganic salts encompasses many substances that dissociate completely in water, but only one salt, sodium chloride, is referred to by the common name, salt. Sodium chloride is ubiquitous in both its occurrence and its many uses. To date, there are over 14,000 uses for salt.1 Salt is used as a feedstock for many chemicals including chlorine, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), synthetic soda ash (sodium carbonate), sodium chlorate, sodium sulfate, and metallic sodium. By indirect methods, sodium chloride is also used to produce hydrochloric acid and many other sodium salts. In its natural mineral form, salt may take on some color from some of the trace elements and other salts present, however, pure sodium chloride is a white to colorless crystalline substance, fairly soluble in water.2 Also known as halite, the substance... 

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