Electricity grid

Figure 4-25. Nitric acid plant at Fredericia (Denmark) with a four-machine turbogroup and generator. Power output to district heating system = 0-27 MW Power output to electric grid = 0-5.8 MW Steam turbine = 10.8 MW Axial compressor = 8.2 MW Centrifugal compressor = 4.1 MW Expander = 7.4 MW Nitric acid production = 650 t/d.

Finally, a number of industry cngiiiceriiig experts and industi-y engineering organizations voiced concern that the electric grid may become less reliable after restructuring. The operation and maintenance of the North American electric grid depends on the coordinated interaction of more than a hundred control... 

In total, for processing 1 ton of input waste, 99.4 kWh of energy is required. GHGs emission is calculated for energy consumption. It is assumed that electricity is taken from Vietnam electricity grid with an emission factor of 0.5764 ton CO2/ MWh [18]. 

D.o.M. Ozone Layer Protection Centre (2009) Hydrology and climate change, MONRE. Final report - study and determination emission factor of Vietnam electricity grid. Ozone Layer Protection, Hanoi... 

Use of H2-based fuel cells for generating electricity on a small scale close to areas where the electricity is needed would enable distributed power generation and ease the burden on the current electric grid. 

Twenty-five of the 5-kW fuel cell systems called GenSys5CS will be installed at LIPA s West Babylon Fuel Cell Demonstration Site, which currently contains fuel cell systems feeding directly into the Long Island electrical grid. The remaining 20 systems will generate on-site heat and power for single or multi-family residential sites, for the first time in LIPA s ser-... 

If the battery pack of hybrid vehicles can additionally be charged with electricity from the public electricity grid, the vehicle is called plug-in hybrid. Batteries of plug-in hybrids have to be larger than those of a conventional hybrid vehicle. For short distance trips, plug-in hybrid vehicles can be operated in the electricity-only mode. Plug-in hybrids are not explicitly considered here, but addressed in more detail in Section 7.9. 

Also in remote areas, such as low-populated islands, without any access to the electricity grid and for using large renewable resources, which are far away from any user centres (so-called stranded resources), hydrogen could be an attractive solution (see also the discussion in Chapter 17). 

Hydrogen from hydro or geothermal power from Iceland offers the lowest barriers with respect to competing utilisation possibilities electricity export via electricity grid is less attractive, owing to Iceland s isolated position. 

Countries that have large potentials of cheap fluctuating renewable electricity sources (solar or wind) that cannot be integrated into the national electricity grid (owing to problems of grid stability). 

In the electric power industry, open sources of information—such as product data and educational videotapes from engineering associations—can be used to understand the basics of the electrical grid. Other publicly available information—including filings of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), industry publications, maps, and material available on the Internet—is sufficient to allow someone to identify the most heavily loaded transmission lines and the most critical substations in the power grid. 

Phase 2 is the Initial Market Penetration Phase. This could begin as early as 2010 using existing natural gas and electric grid infrastructure for applications such as portable power and some stationary and transportation applications it will continue as hydrogen-related technologies meet or exceed customer requirements. As markets are established, this leads to Phase 3, or the Infrastructure Investment Phase, in which there is expansion of markets and infrastructure. 

Inverter. Development of new inverter systems for the integration of fuel cells into the electricity grid with high efficiency and in different power units (0.5-250 kW) are necessary. 

Investigating the development of "hydrogen islands " which would be applicable to the niche market of Greek islands that are not connected to the electricity grid. 

Specific features of Greece in terms of its natural resources and its industrial and academic base are currently leading the Creek R D community, in collaboration with government, to investigate the development of "hydrogen islands", which would be applicable to the niche market of Creek islands that are not connected to the electricity grid, and also to other remote communities in Europe. 

In many poor African states there is no electricity grid or coverage is very limited, but there are often dispersed locations that could use significant amounts of energy—an aluminum smelter in Mozambique, for example. A nuclear power plant could provide electricity, but South African efforts to introduce a new small-scale technology, the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor, which is far safer than previous reactors and can be controlled and shut down remotely, are being hampered by international rejection of older nuclear technologies.12 (See Cohen, this volume, about nuclear power science and politics in the United States.)... 

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