High salt treatment

When the surface of the purified HeLa cell nucleus is observed by AFM (Fig. 5a), relatively smooth surface is seen, although many small projections and cavities can be identified (Fig. 5b). When the isolated nuclei are successively subjected to the detergent treatment and high-salt treatment on the glass substrate to remove the nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm, fibrous structures appear (Fig. 5c, d). A close examination by AFM classified the existence of granular structures ( 80 nm width)... 

When subjecting right-side out stroma lamellae vesicles to the high salt treatment a release of polypeptides was also seen. The majority of these polypeptides belong to the CFi complex. However, the... 

The FMN domain, consisting of residues from 67 to 231 of rat POR, is structurally very similar to the bacterial flavodoxins and consists of a five-stranded parallel p-sheet flanked by five a-helices (Fig. 2.2), with the FMN located at the tip of the C-terminal side of the P-sheet. In addition to the binding site for the FMN prosthetic group, this domain contains residues mediating binding of and electron transfer to acceptors such as cyt c and P450. FMN is relatively loosely boimd 10 M) and can be reversibly removed from the enzyme by high salt treatment [27,49]. In the absence of FMN, electron transfer to all acceptors, with the exception of fenicyanide, is abolished. 

If the protein of interest is a heteromultimer (composed of more than one type of polypeptide chain), then the protein must be dissociated and its component polypeptide subunits must be separated from one another and sequenced individually. Subunit associations in multimeric proteins are typically maintained solely by noncovalent forces, and therefore most multimeric proteins can usually be dissociated by exposure to pEI extremes, 8 M urea, 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride, or high salt concentrations. (All of these treatments disrupt polar interactions such as hydrogen bonds both within the protein molecule and between the protein and the aqueous solvent.) Once dissociated, the individual polypeptides can be isolated from one another on the basis of differences in size and/or charge. Occasionally, heteromultimers are linked together by interchain S—S bridges. In such instances, these cross-links must be cleaved prior to dissociation and isolation of the individual chains. The methods described under step 2 are applicable for this purpose. 

The removal and reduction of the nucleic acid content of various SCPs is achieved by chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide solution or high salt solution (10%). As a result, crystals of sodium urate form and are removed from the SCP solution.16,17 The quality of SCP can be upgraded by the destruction of cell walls. That may enhance the digestibility of SCP. With chemical treatment the nucleic acid content of SCP is reduced. 

Tanemura, K., Kida, K., Ikbal, Matsumoto, J., and Sonoda, Y., Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater with High Salt Content from a Pickled-Plum Manufacturing Process, J. Ferm. Bioeng. 77 188 (1994a)... 

Guo J, Zhou J, Wang D et al (2008) The new incorporation bio-treatment technology of bromoamine acid and azo dyes wastewater under high salt conditions. Biodegr 19 93-98... 

In the initial experiments, we resolved reticulocyte lysates on DEAE-cellulose into two crude fractions Fraction 1, which contained proteins not adsorbed to the resin, and Fraction 2, which contained all proteins adsorbed to the resin and eluted with high salt. The original aim of this fractionation was to get rid of hemoglobin, which was known to be in Fraction 1, while most non-hemoglobin proteins of reticulocytes were known to be in Fraction 2. We found that neither fraction was active by itself, but ATP-dependent protein degradation could be reconstituted by combination of the two fractions [13]. The active component in Fraction 1 was a small, heat-stable protein we have exploited its stability to heat treatment for its purification to near homogeneity. We termed this protein at that time APF-1, for ATP-dependent Proteolysis Factor 1 [13]. The identity of APF-1 with ubiquitin was established later by Wilkinson et al. [14], subsequent to the discovery in my laboratory of its covalent ligation to protein substrates, as described below. 

Many of the nitronate salts of polynitroaliphatic compounds, particularly salts of gem-nitronitronates, exhibit properties similar to known primary explosives. Consequently, the storage of such salts is highly dangerous. Treatment of these nitronate salts with formaldehyde yields the corresponding methylol derivative via the Henry condensation. These methylol... 

Life-style measures that are widely agreed to lower blood pressure and that should be considered in all patients in whom they may apply are weight reduction, reduction of excessive alcohol consumption, reduction of high salt intake and increase in physical activity. Particular emphasis should be placed on cessation of smoking and on healthy eating patterns that contribute to the treatment of associated risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. 

The properties of many dairy products, in fact their very existence, depend on the properties of milk proteins, although the fat, lactose and especially the salts, exert very significant modifying influences. Casein products are almost exclusively milk protein while the production of most cheese varieties is initiated through the specific modification of proteins by proteolytic enzymes or isoelectric precipitation. The high heat treatments to which many milk products are subjected are possible only because of the exceptionally high heat stability of the principal milk proteins, the caseins. 

In view of the instability of aminoindolizines, they have not been used to prepare diazonium salts. Treatment of 1-nitroindolizines, however, with dry nitric oxide gave diazonium nitrates in high yield (67CC424). 

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