Semliki Forest virus infection

Oosterlaken, T.A. Harmsen, M. Jhagjhoor-Singh, S.S. Ekstijn, G.L. Kraaijeveld, C.A. Snippe, H.A. Protective monoclonal anti-idiotypic vaccine to lethal semliki forest virus infection in BALB/c mice. J. Virol. 1991, 65, 98-102. 

Several interesting organoselenium compounds exhibit antiviral activities. One such is selenazofurin 113, effective against different types of viruses (herpes simplex, parainfluenza and rhinovirus). The purine analogue, 7-methyl-8-selenoguanosine 114, has been tested in vivo for antiviral activity against Semliki Forest virus infection in a mouse model... 

Direct electrophilic, Lewis acid-catalyzed C-ribosylation of pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones with 317 gave pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl C-nucleosides 318. The latter were halogenated at C6 and de-O-benzoylated to 319, which showed good prophylactic activity against the lethal Semliki Forest virus infection in mice (90JMC2750) (Scheme 97). 

Semliki forest virus infected MDCK cells... 

Figure 24.6 CLSM images of living a-c) influenza A/PR/8-infected and (d,e) Semliki forest virus-infected MDCK cells stained with the NA-specific FIT probe 1 (a,d), the...

Lachmi, B.-E., and Kaariainen, L., 1977, Control of protein synthesis in Semliki-Forest virus infected cells, J. Virol. 22 142. 

Eaton, B. T., and Regnery, R. L., 1975, Polysomal RNA in Semliki Forest virus infected Aedes albopictus cells, J. Gen. Virol. 29 35. 

Reigel, F., and Koblet, H., 1981, Selective disappearance of two secreted host proteins in the course of Semliki Forest virus infection of Aedes albopictus cells, J. Virol. 39 321. 

One experimental tool in this direction is provided by some enveloped animal viruses which mature at the cell surface of infected cells (K Sri inen and Renkonen, 1977 Lenard, 1978). Such viruses include influenza virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They are extremely simple in makeup and hence are very well characterized. They can be tagged with biochemical probes in many different ways. They infect many animal cells in culture, and after infection turn the cells into factories for the production of virus progeny. The protein-synthesizing machinery of the host cell is programmed by the viral RNA to make viral proteins exclusively and these include the viral surface glycoproteins. These are synthesized with signal peptides and inserted into the ER membrane (Katz et ai, 1977 Garoff et... 

Introduction of a gene of interest into the host cell line by viral infection is a convenient method since a large number of cells can be infected simultaneously. Systems employing Semliki Forest Virus, Vaccinia Virus, and Retoviral vectors are used. However, drawbacks include the requirement for special precautions when engineering and preparing the viral... 

Welsh, J. K., Skurrie, 1. J., and May, J. T. (1978). Use of Semliki forest virus to identify lipid-mediated antiviral activity and anti-alphavirus immunoglobulin A in human milk. Infect. Immun. 19, 395 01. 

Antiviral activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried leaf, in cell culture at a concentration of 0.2 mL/well, was equivocal on poliovims inactive on herpes virus, measles, and Semliki Forest virus and produced weak activity on coxsackie virus Pretreatment of mice with sesame extract failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HlV-1) infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice with oral administration of 10 g/kg of the extract "". ... 

Sedative. An agent that allays excitement. Semliki Forest virus. A species of viruses of the genus Alphavirus, originally isolated from Aedes mosquitoes in Western Uganda it is widespread in Africa, where it appears to be nonpathogenic, although infections of laboratory workers have occurred. 

The diminution in infectivity could be caused either by the production of virus particles having a lessened or abolished infectivity, or a decreased formation of infectious virions. The envelope glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin (and, thus, devoid of carbohydrate) are metabolically stable. They do not participate in the assembly of virus particles, although nucleocapsids are still formed under these conditions and are... 

Viral Hemagglutinins. The initial step in many viral infections is the binding of surface proteins (hemagglutinins) to mucosal cells. These binding proteins have been identified for most viruses, including rotaviruses (73), varicella zoster virus (74), Semliki Forest virus (75), adenoviruses (76), potato leafroll virus (77), and reovirus (78). 

The mechanism of inhibition has not been characterized, but it is probably related to the ionophoretic properties of these antibiotics. Monensin has been shown to inhibit the intracellular transport of viral membrane proteins of cells infected with Semliki Forest virus (169). The formation of syncytia, normally observed when T-lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM) cells are cocultivated with human immunodeficiency virus (HlV-l)-infected T-cell leukemia cell line (MOLT-3) cells, was significantly inhibited in the presence of monensin (170). This observation suggests that the viral glycoproteins in the treated cells were not transported to the cell surface from the Golgi membrane. 

Ziemiecki AH, Simons GK. Formation of the Semliki Forest virus membrane glycoprotein complexes in the infected cell. J Gen Virol. 1980 50 111-123. 

Survival was reduced in adult mice infected with various viruses - including Semliki Forest vims, various strains of yellow fever vims, and West Nile vims - after intraperitoneal injection of gold sodium thiomalate. Adverse effects of therapeutic monovalent gold compounds may be linked to their ability to induce membrane proliferation. For example, the virulent strain of Semliki Forest virus in adult mice is characterized by the development of numerous membrane vesicles in brain with mature vims budding from these stmctures. In contrast, infection of the avirulent strain of Semliki Forest vims results in the formation of very few membrane vesicles and no mature vims particles in adult mouse brain. Proliferation of smooth membrane vesicles from whole mouse brain was induced in mice treated with gold sodium thiomalate. In certain vims infections, smooth membranes are a prerequisite for vims RNA synthesis and maturation. The ability of a virus to stimulate the smooth membranes may be the limiting factor in determining both the extent of viral RNA synthesis and maturation. This mechanism could... 

Harper was one of the first investigators to study viral aerosols and he showed that survival depended very much on the composition of the disseminating fluid. Poliovirus and Foot and Mouth virus survive best at high RH whereas Semliki Forest virus, vaccinia, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and influenza virus are most stable at low RH. The DNA-containing viruses, pigeon pox virus, and Simian virus 40 maintain their infectivity over a wide range of RH. 

Infection of mice with an avirulent strain of Semliki forest virus caused an increase in brain j8-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosidase activity. In a study of the secretion of lysosomal hydrolases by stimulated and non-stimulated macrophages from mice, j8-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosidase was found to be secreted in considerable amounts by a mechanism independent of phagocytosis. ... 

Miscellaneous Glycoproteins.—Cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts infected with Semliki forest virus or fowl plague virus have been used to incorporate D-[ C]mannose from GDP-D-[ C]mannose into endogenous virus-specific glycoproteins. This work formed part of an in vitro study of glycosylation reactions. ... 

Van Steeg, M., Van Grinsven, M., Van Mansfeld, F., Voorma, H. O., and Benne, R., 1981, Initiation of protein synthesis in neuroblastoma cells infected by Semliki Forest virus, FEBS Lett. 129 62. 

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