Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Viral agents, such as the alpha virus that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) or variola major (the causative agent for smallpox). 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, equine protozoal myelitis, equine herpesvirus-1, Borna disease, and rabies. In birds Newcastle disease. 

Material Safety Data Sheet-Infectious Substances Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. September... 

Biological Agents BACTERIA (Anthrax, Brucellosis, Cholera, Plague, Tularemia). VIRUSES (Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Smallpox, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola)). TOXINS (Botulinum, Ricin, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), Trichothecene Mycotoxins/T-2). 

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 1, Aerosol 2, Infected vectors Low High 1-5 days Days to weeks Low Relatively unstable Yes Not effective No... 

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 3.3.23 Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever... 

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Influenza-like disease caused by a virus leading to neurologic complications. 

This section addresses the viral forms of biological agents that would most likely be considered by terrorists. They include variola major (smallpox), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (encephalitis), Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever. 

Treatment — No specific antiviral therapy exists to treat Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Treatment is geared toward relieving headache or myalgia, controlling convulsions, and aiding breathing difficulties. Several experimental drugs (e.g., vaccines TC-83 and TC-84) have shown some promise in the treatment of this virus, but current data on their effectiveness in humans is insufficient.3... 

Another immunofiltration-based investigation was reported by Hu et al. [64] for the detection of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE). Further specifications and a more detailed flow-chamber system are described in Ref. [65], where different kinds of mammalian, human and tumour cells (human keratinocytes, B82, MESS-SA and DX5, respectively) have been applied to demonstrate irritancy determination, detection of receptor-mediated triggering of cells and chemotherapeutic efficacy testing. Owicki et al. reported the study of cellular responses of different cells (keratinocytes, CHO and B82 with different expressions) to hormones and neurotransmitters with the same principle as above [66,67]. The determination of a small quantity of enzyme (urease) was... 

Chinese hamster ovary. bHuman chorionic gonadotropin. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. dEpidermal growth factor. Transforming growth factor a. 

W.-G. Hu, H.G. Thompson, A.Z. Alvi, L.P. Nagata, M.R. Suresh and R.E. Fulton, Development of immunofiltration assay by light addressable potentiometric sensor with genetically biotinylated recombinant antibody for rapid identification of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, J. Immunol. Methods, 289(1-2) (2004) 27-35. 

Vegetables e280 Vegetative bacteria 107 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) 103 Vesamicol 62, 67 Vick Pyrena el60 Viral particles 803 Viscoelasticity 815 Vitamins 656 Vitellogenin 515... 

Bennett, A.M.,Phillpotts, R.J., Perkins, S.D., Jacobs, S.C. and Williamson, E.D. (1999) Gene gun mediated vaccination is superior to manual delivery for immunization with DNA vaccines expressing protective antigens from Yersinia pestis or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Vaccine, 18, 588-596. 

Likewise, the United States and the former Soviet Union could choose among BW agents that were lethal or those that were mostly nonfatal, depending on the mission. On the one hand, the inhaled route of anthrax infection is among the most lethal (more than 50% would die under the best of circumstances), a weapon delivering an aerosol of anthrax spores would have meant large percentages of dead. On the other hand, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus could be employed, in which case most of those infected with VEE would be incapacitated by the disease but few would ultimately die (Smith et al., 1997). 

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Aerosol 90% morbidity <5% mortality 10-100 organisms 1-5... 

Venezuelan equine encephalitis Variety of mosquitoes 90% morbidity <5% mortality 1-10 organisms 4-20... 

Venezuelan equine encephalitis B (virus) Zoonosis—primarily vector-bome... 

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